Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ME 445
Integrated Manufacturing
Systems
2004 1
ROBOTICS
2004 2
Robotics Terminology
Robot: An electromechanical device with multiple degrees-
of-freedom (DOF) that is programmable to accomplish a
variety of tasks.
2004 4
Robotics Terminology
DOF degrees-of-freedom: the number of independent
motions a device can make. (Also called mobility)
2004 5
Robotics Terminology
Manipulator: Electromechanical device capable of
interacting with its environment.
2004 7
Robotics Terminology
Workspace: The volume in space that a robot’s end-
effector can reach, both in position and orientation.
2004 8
A cylindrical robots’ half workspace
Robotics Terminology
Position: The translational (straight-line) location of
something.
2004 10
Robotics Terminology
Speed
•The amount of distance per unit time at which the robot
can move, usually specified in inches per second or
meters per second.
•The speed is usually specified at a specific load or
assuming that the robot is carrying a fixed weight.
•Actual speed may vary depending upon the weight carried
by the robot.
Repeatability
•The ability of a robot to repeatedly position itself when
asked to perform a task multiple times.
•Accuracy is an absolute concept, repeatability is relative.
•A robot that is repeatable may not be very accurate, visa
versa.
2004 12
Robotics Terminology
2004 13
Robotics History
350 B.C
The Greek mathematician, Archytas builds a mechanical
bird named "the Pigeon" that is propelled by steam.
322 B.C.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle writes;
“If every tool, when ordered, or even of its own accord,
could do the work that befits it... then there would be no
need either of apprentices for the master workers or of
slaves for the lords.”...
hinting how nice it would be to have a few robots around.
200 B.C.
The Greek inventor and physicist Ctesibus of Alexandria
designs water clocks that have movable figures on them. 14
2004
Robotics History
1495
Leonardo Da Vinci designs a mechanical device that looks
like an armored knight. The mechanisms inside "Leonardo's
robot" are designed to make the knight move as if there was
a real person inside.
2004 15
Robotics History
Leonardo’s Robot
2004 16
Robotics History
1738
Jacques de Vaucanson begins building automata. The
first one was the flute player that could play twelve songs.
1770
Swiss clock maker and inventor of the modern wristwatch
Pierre Jaquet-Droz start making automata for European
royalty. He create three doll, one can write, another plays
music, and the third draws pictures.
1801
Joseph Jacquard builds an automated loom that is
controlled with punched cards.
2004 17
Robotics History
2004 18
Robotics History
1898
Nikola Tesla builds and demonstrates a remote controlled
robot boat.
2004 19
Robotics History
1921
Czech writer Karel Capek introduced the word "Robot" in his
play "R.U.R" (Rossuum's Universal Robots). "Robot" in Czech
comes from the word "robota", meaning "compulsory labor“.
1940
Issac Asimov produces a series of short stories about robots
starting with "A Strange Playfellow" (later renamed "Robbie")
for Super Science Stories magazine. The story is about a
robot and its affection for a child that it is bound to protect.
Over the next 10 years he produces more stories about robots
that are eventually recompiled into the volume "I, Robot" in
1950. Issac Asimov's most important contribution to the
history of the robot is the creation of his “Three Laws of
2004 20
Robotics”.
Robotics History
Three Laws of Robotics:
1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings
except where such orders would conflict with the First
Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second
Law.
Asimov later adds a "zeroth law" to the list:
Zeroth law: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through
inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.
2004 21
Robotics History
1946
George Devol patents a playback device for controlling
machines.
1961
Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer operated
mechanical hand at MIT.
1961
Unimate, the company of Joseph Engleberger and George
Devoe, built the first industrial robot, the PUMA
(Programmable Universal Manipulator Arm).
1966
The Stanford Research Institute creates Shakey the first
mobile robot to know and react to its own actions.
2004 22
Robotics History
Unimate PUMA SRI Shakey
2004 23
Robotics History
1969
Victor Scheinman creates the Stanford Arm. The arm's
design becomes a standard and is still influencing the design
of robot arms today.
2004 24
Robotics History
1976
Shigeo Hirose designs the Soft Gripper at the Tokyo
Institute of Technology. It is designed to wrap around an
object in snake like fashion.
1981
Takeo Kanade builds the direct drive arm. It is the first to
have motors installed directly into the joints of the arm. This
change makes it faster and much more accurate than
previous robotic arms.
1989
A walking robot named Genghis is unveiled by the Mobile
Robots Group at MIT.
2004 25
Robotics History
1993
Dante an 8-legged walking robot developed at Carnegie
Mellon University descends into Mt. Erebrus, Antarctica. Its
mission is to collect data from a harsh environment similar
to what we might find on another planet.
1994
Dante II, a more robust version of Dante I, descends into
the crater of Alaskan volcano Mt. Spurr. The mission is
considered a success.
2004 26
Robotics History
1996
Honda debuts the P3.
2004 27
Robotics History
1997
The Pathfinder Mission lands on Mars
1999
2004 SONY releases the AIBO robotic pet.
28
Robotics History
2000
Honda debuts new humanoid robot ASIMO.
2004 29
Industrial Robots
2004 30
Power Sources for Robots
• An important element of a robot is the
drive system. The drive system supplies
the power, which enable the robot to
move.
• The dynamic performance of a robot
mainly depends on the type of power
source.
2004 31
There are basically three types of
power sources for robots:
1. Hydraulic drive
• Provide fast movements
• Preferred for moving heavy parts
• Preferred to be used in explosive
environments
• Occupy large space area
• There is a danger of oil leak to the shop
floor
2004 32
2. Electric drive
• Slower movement compare to the
hydraulic robots
• Good for small and medium size robots
• Better positioning accuracy and
repeatability
• stepper motor drive: open loop control
• DC motor drive: closed loop control
• Cleaner environment
• The most used type of drive in industry
2004 33
3. Pneumatic drive
• Preferred for smaller robots
• Less expensive than electric or hydraulic
robots
• Suitable for relatively less degrees of
freedom design
• Suitable for simple pick and place
application
• Relatively cheaper
2004 34
Robotic Sensors
• Sensors provide feedback to the control
systems and give the robots more
flexibility.
• Sensors such as visual sensors are useful
in the building of more accurate and
intelligent robots.
• The sensors can be classified as follows:
2004 35
1. Position sensors:
Position sensors are used to monitor the
position of joints. Information about the
position is fed back to the control
systems that are used to determine the
accuracy of positioning.
2004 36
2. Range sensors:
Range sensors measure distances from a
reference point to other points of
importance. Range sensing is
accomplished by means of television
cameras or sonar transmitters and
receivers.
2004 37
3. Velocity Sensors:
They are used to estimate the speed with which
a manipulator is moved. The velocity is an
important part of the dynamic performance of the
manipulator. The DC tachometer is one of the
most commonly used devices for feedback of
velocity information. The tachometer, which is
essentially a DC generator, provides an output
voltage proportional to the angular velocity of the
armature. This information is fed back to the
controls for proper regulation of the motion.
2004 38
4. Proximity Sensors:
They are used to sense and indicate the
presence of an object within a specified
distance without any physical contact. This
helps prevent accidents and damage to
the robot.
– infra red sensors
– acoustic sensors
– touch sensors
– force sensors
– tactile sensors for more accurate data on the
position
2004 39
The Hand of a Robot: End-Effector
The end-effector (commonly known as
robot hand) mounted on the wrist enables
the robot to perform specified tasks.
Various types of end-effectors are
designed for the same robot to make it
more flexible and versatile. End-effectors
are categorized into two major types:
grippers and tools.
2004 40
The Hand of a Robot: End-Effector
2004 41
The Hand of a Robot: End-Effector
Grippers are generally used to grasp and
hold an object and place it at a desired
location.
– mechanical grippers
– vacuum or suction cups
– magnetic grippers
– adhesive grippers
– hooks, scoops, and so forth
2004 42
The Hand of a Robot: End-Effector
At times, a robot is required to manipulate
a tool to perform an operation on a
workpiece. In such applications the end-
effector is a tool itself
– spot-welding tools
– arc-welding tools
– spray-painting nozzles
– rotating spindles for drilling
– rotating spindles for grinding
2004 43
Robot Movement and Precision
Speed of response and stability are two
important characteristics of robot
movement.
• Speed defines how quickly the robot arm
moves from one point to another.
• Stability refers to robot motion with the
least amount of oscillation. A good robot is
one that is fast enough but at the same
time has good stability.
2004 44
Robot Movement and Precision
2004 45
The precision of robot movement is defined
by three basic features:
1. Spatial resolution:
The spatial resolution of a robot is the
smallest increment of movement into
which the robot can divide its work
volume.
It depends on the system’s control
resolution and the robot's mechanical
inaccuracies.
2004 46
2. Accuracy: Accuracy can be defined as the
ability of a robot to position its wrist end at a
desired target point within its reach. In terms of
control resolution, the accuracy can be defined
as one-half of the control resolution. This
definition of accuracy applies in the worst case
when the target point is between two control
points.The reason is that displacements
smaller than one basic control resolution unit
(BCRU) can be neither programmed nor
measured and, on average, they account for
one-half BCRU.
2004 47
The accuracy of a robot is affected by
many factors. For example, when the arm
is fully stretched out, the mechanical
inaccuracies tend to be larger because the
loads tend to cause deflection.
2004 48
3. Repeatability: It is the ability of the robot
to position the end effector to the
previously positioned location.
A
C + +
+
+ ++
+ + + +
++ B + +
+
+ + + ++
x xx x x
x xx x
xxx
xx
xx
xx x x x x
x x
2004 49
The Robotic Joints
A robot joint is a mechanism that permits
relative movement between parts of a
robot arm. The joints of a robot are
designed to enable the robot to move its
end-effector along a path from one
position to another as desired.
2004 50
The Robotic Joints
The basic movements required for a desired
motion of most industrial robots are:
• 1. rotational movement: This enables the robot
to place its arm in any direction on a horizontal
plane.
• 2. Radial movement: This enables the robot to
move its end-effector radially to reach distant
points.
• 3. Vertical movement: This enables the robot to
take its end-effector to different heights.
2004 51
The Robotic Joints
These degrees of freedom, independently
or in combination with others, define the
complete motion of the end-effector. These
motions are accomplished by movements
of individual joints of the robot arm. The
joint movements are basically the same as
relative motion of adjoining links.
Depending on the nature of this relative
motion, the joints are classified as
prismatic or revolute.
2004 52
The Robotic Joints
• Prismatic joints (L) are also known as
sliding as well as linear joints.
• They are called prismatic because the
cross section of the joint is considered as
a generalized prism. They permit links to
move in a linear relationship.
2004 53
The Robotic Joints
Revolute joints permit only angular
motion between links. Their variations
include:
– Rotational joint (R)
– Twisting joint (T)
– Revolving joint (V)
2004 54
The Robotic Joints
In a prismatic joint, also known as a
sliding or linear joint (L), the links are
generally parallel to one
2004 55
The Robotic Joints
A rotational joint (R) is identified by its
motion, rotation about an axis
perpendicular to the adjoining links. Here,
the lengths of adjoining links do not
change but the relative position of the links
with respect to one another changes as
the rotation takes place.
2004 56
The Robotic Joints
2004 57
The Robotic Joints
A twisting joint (T) is also a rotational
joint, where the rotation takes place about
an axis that is parallel to both adjoining
links.
2004 58
The Robotic Joints
A revolving joint (V) is another rotational
joint, where the rotation takes place about
an axis that is parallel to one of the
adjoining links. Usually, the links are
aligned perpendicular to one another at
this kind of joint. The rotation involves
revolution of one link about another.
2004 59
The Robotic Joints
2004 60
2004 61
ROBOT CLASSIFICATION
Robots may be classified, based on:
– physical configuration
– control systems
2004 62
ROBOT CLASSIFICATION
Classification Based on Physical
Configuration:
– 1. Cartesian configuration
– 2. Cylindrical configuration
– 3. Polar configuration
– 4. Joint-arm configuration
2004 63
ROBOT CLASSIFICATION
Cartesian Configuration:
• Robots with Cartesian configurations
consists of links connected by linear joints
(L). Gantry robots are Cartesian robots
(LLL).
2004 64
Cartesian Robots
A robot with 3 prismatic joints
– the axes consistent with a
Cartesian coordinate system.
2004 65
Cartesian Robots
Advantages:
• ability to do straight line insertions into furnaces.
• easy computation and programming.
• most rigid structure for given length.
Disadvantages:
• requires large operating volume.
• exposed guiding surfaces require covering in corrosive
or dusty environments.
• can only reach front of itself
• axes hard to seal
2004 66
ROBOT CLASSIFICATION
Cylindrical Configuration:
• Robots with cylindrical configuration have
one rotary ( R) joint at the base and linear
(L) joints succeeded to connect the links.
2004 67
Cylindrical Robots
A robot with 2 prismatic joints
and a rotary joint – the axes
consistent with a cylindrical
coordinate system.
Disadvantages:
• can't reach above itself
• linear axes is hard to seal
• won’t reach around obstacles
• exposed drives are difficult to cover from dust and liquids
2004 69
ROBOT CLASSIFICATION
Polar Configuration:
• Polar robots have a
work space of
spherical shape.
Generally, the arm is
connected to the
base with a twisting
(T) joint and rotatory
(R) and linear (L)
joints follow.
2004 70
ROBOT CLASSIFICATION
• The designation of the arm for this
configuration can be TRL or TRR.
• Robots with the designation TRL are also
called spherical robots. Those with the
designation TRR are also called
articulated robots. An articulated robot
more closely resembles the human arm.
2004 71
ROBOT CLASSIFICATION
Joint-arm Configuration:
• The jointed-arm is a combination of
cylindrical and articulated configurations.
The arm of the robot is connected to the
base with a twisting joint. The links in the
arm are connected by rotatory joints. Many
commercially available robots have this
configuration.
2004 72
ROBOT CLASSIFICATION
2004 73
Articulated Robots
A robot with at least 3 rotary
joints.
2004 74
Articulated Robots
Advantages:
• all rotary joints allows for maximum flexibility
• any point in total volume can be reached.
• all joints can be sealed from the environment.
Disadvantages:
• extremely difficult to visualize, control, and program.
• restricted volume coverage.
• low accuracy
2004 75
SCARA (Selective Compliance
Articulated Robot Arm) Robots
A robot with at least 2 parallel
rotary joints.
2004 76
SCARA (Selective Compliance
Articulated Robot Arm) Robots
Advantages:
• high speed.
• height axis is rigid
• large work area for floor space
• moderately easy to program.
Disadvantages:
• limited applications.
• 2 ways to reach point
• difficult to program off-line
• highly complex arm
2004 77
Spherical/Polar Robots
A robot with 1 prismatic joint
and 2 rotary joints – the axes
consistent with a polar
coordinate system.
2004 78
Spherical/Polar Robots
Advantages:
• large working envelope.
• two rotary drives are easily sealed against liquids/dust.
Disadvantages:
• complex coordinates more difficult to visualize, control,
and program.
• exposed linear drive.
• low accuracy.
2004 79
ROBOT CLASSIFICATION
Classification Based on Control Systems:
– 1. Point-to-point (PTP) control robot
– 2. Continuous-path (CP) control robot
– 3. Controlled-path robot
2004 80
Point to Point Control Robot (PTP):
• The PTP robot is capable of moving from one
point to another point.
• The locations are recorded in the control
memory. PTP robots do not control the path to
get from one point to the next point.
• Common applications include:
– component insertion
– spot welding
– hole drilling
– machine loading and unloading
– assembly operations
2004 81
Continuous-Path Control Robot (CP):
• The CP robot is capable of performing movements along
the controlled path. With CP from one control, the robot
can stop at any specified point along the controlled path.
• All the points along the path must be stored explicitly in
the robot's control memory. Applications Straight-line
motion is the simplest example for this type of robot.
Some continuous-path controlled robots also have the
capability to follow a smooth curve path that has been
defined by the programmer. In such cases the
programmer manually moves the robot arm through the
desired path and the controller unit stores a large
number of individual point locations along the path in
memory (teach-in).
2004 82
Continuous-Path Control Robot (CP):
2004 83
Controlled-Path Robot:
• Only the start and finish points and the path definition
function must be stored in the robot's control memory. It
is important to mention that all controlled-path robots
have a servo capability to correct their path.
2004 84
Robot Reach:
Robot reach, also known as the work
envelope or work volume, is the space of
all points in the surrounding space that
can be reached by the robot arm.
Reach is one of the most important
characteristics to be considered in
selecting a suitable robot because the
application space should not fall out of the
selected robot's reach.
2004 85
Robot Reach:
• For a Cartesian configuration the reach is
a rectangular-type space.
• For a cylindrical configuration the reach is
a hollow cylindrical space.
• For a polar configuration the reach is part
of a hollow spherical shape.
• Robot reach for a jointed-arm
configuration does not have a specific
shape.
2004 86
2004 87
ROBOT MOTION ANALYSIS
In robot motion analysis we study the
geometry of the robot arm with respect to
a reference coordinate system, while the
end-effector moves along the prescribed
path .
2004 88
ROBOT MOTION ANALYSIS
The kinematic analysis involves two
different kinds of problems:
– 1. Determining the coordinates of the end-
effector or end of arm for a given set of joints
coordinates.
– 2. Determining the joints coordinates for a
given location of the end-effector or end of
arm.
2004 89
ROBOT MOTION ANALYSIS
V = (x, y)
2004 90
ROBOT MOTION ANALYSIS
2004 91
ROBOT MOTION ANALYSIS
2004 94
Forward KinematicTransformation
LL Robot:
Let us consider a Cartesian LL robot
2004 95
Forward KinematicTransformation
These relations can be represented in homogeneous matrix
form:
x2 1 0 L2 x1
y2 0 1 0 y1
1 0 0 1 1
or X2=T1 X1
2004 96
Forward KinematicTransformation
where
x2 1 0 L2 x1
X2 y 2 T1 0 1 0 X1y1
1 0 0 1 1
If the end-effector point is denoted by (x, y), then:
x = x2
y = y2 - L3
2004 97
Forward KinematicTransformation
therefore:
x 1 0 0 x2
y 0 1 L2 y2
1 0 0 1 1
X = T2 X2
or TLL = T2 T1
and 1 0 L2
TLL 0 1 L
2004
0 0 1 98
Forward KinematicTransformation
RR Robot:
Let q and a be the rotations at joints J1 and J2
respectively. Let J1 and J2 have the coordinates of (x1,
y1) and (x2, y2), respectively.
x2 = x1+L2 cos(q)
y2 = y1 +L2 sin(q)
2004 99
Forward KinematicTransformation
In matrix form:
x2 1 0 L2 cos(q) x1
y2 0 1 L2 sin(q) y1
1 0 0 1 1
or
X2 = T1 X1
On the other end:
x = x2 +L3 cos(a-q)
y = y2 - L3 sin(a-q)
2004 100
Forward KinematicTransformation
In matrix form: x 1 0 L2 cos(a q) x2
y 0 1 L2 sin(a q) y2
1 0 0 1 1
or
X = T2 X2
2004 102
Forward KinematicTransformation
TL Robot:
Let a be the rotation at twisting joint J1 and L2 be the
variable link length at linear joint J2.
z
y
J
2
( x 2 y 2 )
One can write that:
( x y )
L
2
x = x2 + L2 cos(a)
J1 ( x 1 y 1 )
y = y2 + L2 sin(a)
x
2004 103
Forward KinematicTransformation
In matrix form:
or
X = TTL X2
2004 104
Backward Kinematic Transformation
LL Robot:
In backward kinematic transformation, the objective is to
drive the variable link lengths from the known position of
the end effector in world space.
x = x1 + L2
y = y1 - L3
y1 = y2
L2 = x - x1
L3 = -y +y2
2004 105
Backward Kinematic Transformation
RR Robot:
x = x1 + L2 cos(q) + L3 cos(a-q)
y = y1 + L2 sin(q) - L3 sin(a-q)
2004 106
Backward Kinematic Transformation
One can easily get the angles:
cos (a ) =
x - x y y L L
1
2
1
2 2
2
2
3
2 L 2 L3
and
tan(q ) =
y - y1 L2 L3 cos(a ) x x1 L3 sin( a )
x - x1 L2 L3 cos(a ) y y1 L3 sin( a )
2004 107
Backward Kinematic Transformation
TL Robot:
x = x2 + L cos(a)
y = y2 +L sin(a)
One can easily get the equations for length and angle:
L= x - x 2 y y 2
2 2
and
y - y2
sin(a) =
L
2004 108
EXAMPLE
An LL robot has two links of variable length.
Assuming that the origin of the global coordinate
system is defined at joint J1, determine the
following:
J 1( 0 , 0 ) L = 3 m
x 2
J 2 ( x 2 ,y 2 )
L = 5 m
3
( x , y )
L
1
2004 110
EXAMPLE
1 0 L2
Solution: TLL 0 1 L3
0 0 1
a) It is given that: 1 0 3
(x1, y1) = (0, 0) TLL 0 1 5
0 0 1
x x1
y TLLy1
1 1
Therefore the end-
effector point is given x 1 0 3 0
y 0 1 50
by (3, -5). 1 0 0 1 1
x 3
y 5
1 1
2004 111
EXAMPLE
b) The end effector point is given by (3, 5)
Then: L2 = x - x1 = 3 - 0 = 3 m
L3 = -y + y1 = -5 + 0 = -5 m
( 3 , 5 )
L
3
J 2 ( x 2 ,y 2 )
used.
2004 112
EXAMPLE
An RR robot has two links of length 1 m. Assume that the origin of
the global coordinate system is at J1.
a) Determine the coordinate of the end-effector point if the joint
rotations are 30o at both joints.
b) Determine joint rotations if the end-effector is located at (1, 0)
2004 113
EXAMPLE
It is given that (x1, y1) = (0, 0)
1 0 3 1
2
TRR 0 1 1 0
2
0 0 1
1 0 L2 cos(q) L2 cos(a q)
TRR 0 1 L2 sin(q) L2 sin(a q) x x1
0 0 1 y = TRRy1
1 1
x 1 0 18667
. 0
Therefore the end-effector point y 0 1 0.5 0
is given by (1.8667, 0.5) 1 0 0 1 1
x 18667
.
y 0.5
1 0.51
2004 114
EXAMPLE
2004 115
EXAMPLE
It is given that (x, y) = (1, 0), therefore,
x 2 y 2 L22 L23
cos(a ) =
2 L3 L2
12 0 2 12 12
cos(a ) = 0.5
2 x1x1
a = 120o
2004 116
EXAMPLE
tan(q ) =
y - y1 L2 L3 cos(a ) x x1 L3 sin( a )
x - x1 L2 L3 cos(a ) y y1 L3 sin( a )
tan(q ) =
0 - 01 1x cos(120) 1 01 sin( 120)
1 - 01 1cos(120) 0 01 sin( 120)
3
tan(q) = 2 = 3
0.5
q = 60o
2004 117
EXAMPLE
In a TL robot, assume that the coordinate system is
defined at joints J2.
2004 118
EXAMPLE
z
y
J ( 0 0 )
2
( x y )
L = 1 m
2
J1 ( x 1 y 1 )
2004 119
EXAMPLE
a) It is given that (x2, y2) = (0, 0); L = 1m and a = 30o
1 0 1cos(30o )
1 0 L2 cos(a ) TTL 0 1 1sin( 30o )
TTL 0 1 L2 sin( a ) 0 0 1
0 0 1
1 0 0.866
TTL 0 1 0.5
0 0 1
2004 120
EXAMPLE
x 1 0 0.866 0
y 0 1 0 .5 0
1 0 0 1 1
x 0.866
y 0 .5
1 1
L = (x - x1 ) 2 ( y y1 ) 2
L = (0.7071 - 0) 2 (0.7071 0) 2
L 1m
2004 123
ROBOT APPLICATIONS
Loading/unloading parts to/from the machines
– The robot unloading parts from die-casting machines
– The robot loading a raw hot billet into a die, holding it
during forging and unloading it from the forging die
– The robot loading sheet blanks into automatic
presses
– The robot unloading molded parts formed in injection
molding machines
– The robot loading raw blanks into NC machine tools
and unloading the finished parts from the machines
2004 124
ROBOT APPLICATIONS
Welding
– Spot welding: Widest use is in the automotive industry
– Arc welding: Ship building, aerospace, construction industries are
among the many areas of application.
Spray painting:
Provides a consistency in paint quality. Widely used in automobile
industry.
Assembly:
Electronic component assemblies and machine assemblies are two
areas of application.
Inspection
2004 125
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
2004 126
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
2004 127
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
2004 128
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
2004 129
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
= 140,000 [$]
2004 130
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
2004 131
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
2004 132
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
2004 133
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
EXAMPLE:
• Compute the cycle time and production rate for a single machine robotic cell
for an 8 hour shift if the system availability is 90%. Also determine the
percent utilization of machine and robot.
• Machine processing time 30 s
• Robot picks up the part from the conveyor 3.0 s
• Robot moves the part to the machine 1.3 s
• Robot loads the part on to the machine 1.0 s
• Robot unloads the part from the machine 0.7 s
• Robot moves the part to the conveyor 1.5 s
• Robot puts the part on to the outgoing
• conveyor
0.5 s
• Robot moves from the output conveyor
• to the input conveyor 4.0 s
• Total 12 s
2004 134
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF ROBOTS
Solution:
• The total cycle time: 30 + 12 = 42 s
Production rate:
• (1/42) part/s 3600 s/hr 8 hr/shift 0.90 (uptime)
• = 617 parts/shift
Machine utilization:
• Machine cycle time/total cycle time = 30/42
• = 71.4%
Robot utilization:
• robot cycle time/total cycle time : 12/42
• = 28.6%
2004 135
Advantages
• Greater flexibility, re-programmability
• Greater response time to inputs than humans
• Improved product quality
• Maximize capital intensive equipment in multiple work
shifts
• Accident reduction
• Reduction of hazardous exposure for human workers
• Automation less susceptible to work stoppages
2004 136
Disadvantages
•Replacement of human labor
• Greater unemployment
• Significant retraining costs for both unemployed and
users of new technology
• Advertised technology does not always disclose some of the
hidden disadvantages
• Hidden costs because of the associated technology that must
be purchased and integrated into a functioning cell. Typically, a
functioning cell will cost 3-10 times the cost of the robot.
2004 137
Limitations
•Assembly dexterity does not match that of human beings,
particularly where eye-hand coordination required.
• Payload to robot weight ratio is poor, often less than 5%.
• Robot structural configuration may limit joint movement.
• Work volumes can be constrained by parts or
tooling/sensors added to the robot.
• Robot repeatability/accuracy can constrain the range of
potential applications.
2004 138
ROBOT SELECTION
2004 139
ROBOT SELECTION
The characteristics of robots generally considered in a selection process include:
Size of class
Degrees of freedom
Velocity
Drive type
Control mode
Repeatability
Lift capacity
Right-left traverse
Up-down traverse
In-out traverse
Yaw
Pitch
Roll
Weight of the robot
2004 140
ROBOT SELECTION
1. Size of class: The size of the robot is given by the
maximum dimension (x) of the robot work envelope.
Micro (x < 1 m)
Small (1 m < x < 2 m)
Medium (2 < x < 5 m)
Large (x > 5 m)
2004 141
ROBOT SELECTION
3. Velocity: Velocity consideration is effected by the robot’s
arm structure.
Rectangular
Cylindrical
Spherical
Articulated
4. Drive type:
Hydraulic
Electric
Pneumatic
2004 142
ROBOT SELECTION
5. Control mode:
Point-to-point control(PTP)
Continuous path control(CP)
Controlled path control
6. Lift capacity:
0-5 kg
5-20 kg
20-40 kg and so forth
2004 143