Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physical Process
Biological Process
Chemical Process
PHYSICAL PROCESS
Sedimentary Cycle
• Weathering
– Make particle
• Erosion
– Put particle in motion
• Transport
– Move particle
• Deposition
– Stop particle motion
• Not necessarily continuous (rest stops)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/chemistry/changestoearthandatmosphere/0rocksrev5.shtml
Transportation: Rounding -
increases with length of
transportation history.
Boulders have
been abraded
Transportation
Deposition : any process that lays down material
• Fundamental Properties
– Viscosity
• Mu (m)
– Water ~ 50 x air
• m = measure of ability of fluids to flow (resistance of
substance to change shape)
– High viscosity = sluggish (molasses, ice)
– Low viscosity = flows readily (air, water)
• Changes with temperature (Viscosity decreases
with temperature) and sediment load (viscosity
increases with sediment load)
• Not always uniform throughout body
– Changes with depth
Types of Fluids:
Strain (deformational) Response to Stress (external
forces)
• Newtonian fluids
– normal fluids; no yield stress
• strain (deformation);
proportional to stress, (water)
• Non-Newtonian
– no yield stress;
• variable strain response to
stress (high stress generally
induces greater strain rates
{flow})
– examples: mayonnaise, water
saturated mud
Types of Fluids:
Strain (deformational) Response to Stress (external
forces)
• Bingham Plastics:
– have a yield stress (don't flow
at infinitesimal stress)
• example: pre-set concrete;
water saturated, clay-rich
surficial material such as
mud/debris flows
• Thixotropic fluids:
– plastics with variable
stress/strain relationships
• quicksand??
Why do particles move?
• Entrainment
• Transport/ Flow
Entrainment
• Basic forces acting on particle
– Gravity, drag force, lift force
• Gravity:
• Drag force: measure of friction between water
and bottom of water (channel)/ particles
• Lift force: caused by Bernouli effect
Bernouli Force
• (rgh) + (1/2 rm2)+P+Eloss = constant
Static P + dynamic P
• Potential energy= rgh
• Kinetic energy= 1/2 rm2
• Pressure energy= P
• Thus pressure on grain decreases, creates lift force
Traction deposits
(turbulent flow)
What else impacts Fluid Flow?
• Channels
• Water depth
• Smoothness of Channel Surfaces
• Viscous Sublayer
1. Channel
● Jenis Bedform :
- Ripple
- Megaripple atau Dune (amplitudo > 6 cm,
panjang gelombang > 60 cm)
- Plane bed
- Antidune
Types of Bedform
Konsep Rezim Aliran
Pembentukan bedform berhubungan dengan
kekuatan aliran.
3. Kecepatan
Flow Regime and
Sedimentary Structures
An Introduction To
Physical Processes of Sedimentation
Sedimentary Structures
• Sedimentary structures occur at very
different scales, from less than a mm (thin
section) to 100s–1000s of meters (large
outcrops); most attention is traditionally
focused on the bedform-scale
• Microforms (e.g., ripples)
• Mesoforms (e.g., dunes)
• Macroforms (e.g., bars)
Sedimentary structures
• Laminae and beds are the basic sedimentary
units that produce stratification; the transition
between the two is arbitrarily set at 10 mm
• Normal grading is an upward decreasing grain
size within a single lamina or bed (associated
with a decrease in flow velocity), as opposed to
reverse grading
• Fining-upward successions and
coarsening-upward successions are the
products of vertically stacked individual beds
Sedimentary Structures
Cross stratification
Cross stratification