RESERVOIRS

Definition

 A reservoir is a manmade lake or structure used to store water.

 The main function of a reservoir is stabilize the flow of water, either by regulating a varying
supply in a natural stream or by satisfying a varying demand by the ultimate consumers.

 Primary uses of reservoirs are:

1.Water Supply
2.Irrigation
3.Hydropower
4.Flood Control.
 Two types of reservoirs according to function and source are:1. Storage or Conservation
Reservoir - retain excess waterfrom periods of high flow for use during periods of drought.
 created by damming a stream
 uncontrolled inflow
Figure: San Roque Dam Downstream
Figure: San Roque Spillway (Construction Stage)
Figure. Angat Reservoir at low water level
 largely controlled outflow
natural and environmental factors very important indesign and
operation
2. Distribution Reservoir - supplies water to varyingrate ofdemand of
water to some cities.
elevated tanks used in municipal water supply
inflow to reservoir is completely controlled
outflow is primarily dictated by consumers needs anddesires.
•Physical Characteristics of Reservoir
•1. Storage Capacity
most important physical characteristic
capacity on natural sites is determined from topographicsurveys
•2. Area-Elevation Curve
determined by area enclosed within each contour.
Figure: Municipal/Distribution Reservoir
7. Surcharge Storage
water level rise over normal pool level during floods
normally uncontrolled that is it exists only while a flood
isoccurring and cannot be retained for later use.
Reservoir Yield
 The most important aspect of storage-reservoir design is analysis is
of the relation between yield and capacity.
 Yield is the amount of water that can be supplied from the reservoir
during a specified interval of time. It is dependent on inflow and will
vary from year to year.
 Safe or firm yield is the maximum quantity of water that can be
guaranteed during a critical dry period.
 The critical period is often taken as the period of lowest natural flow
on record for the stream.
 The maximum possible yield during a given time interval equals the
mean inflow less evaporation and seepage losses during that interval.
 Given a target yield, selection of reservoir capacity is dependent on
the acceptable risk that the yield will not always be realized.
 Secondary yield is the water available in excess of safe yield during
high flow.
 Hydroelectric energy developed from secondary water may be sold
to large industries on a "when available" basis.
Selection of Distribution-Reservoir Capacity
 Project design often requires the determination of the reservoircapacity
required to meet a specific demand like in municipal watersupply or in irrigation.

The determination of the capacity to supply a given yield is basedon the

storage equation.

 In the long run , outflow must equal inflow less waste andunavoidable
losses.

 Reservoir does not make water but merely permits its distributionwith respect
to time.
Example 1: (Fixed inflow rate)
The water supply for a city is pumped from wells to a distribution reservoir.
The estimated hourly water requirements for the maximum day are as
follows. If the pumps are to operate at a uniform rate, what distribution
reservoir capacity is required?
Seatwork 1:
The table below shows the average water demand for each hour of a common
day in Marikina City. The proposed water supply system is composed of a
pump which takes water from a well and delivers it to a reservoir from which
the water is supplied to the service area. Based on the demand data, what
pump capacity is needed (m3/h)and reservoir volume (m3) is required to
operate continuously for the 24-hr period?
Time, hour 1 A.M. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12N
Q, m3/min 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.5 5.4 7.2 8.3 7.6 6.0 6.1 6.4

Time, hour 1 P.M. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12M

Q, m3/min 5.7 4.9 5.3 6.1 6.8 8.7 6.8 5.7 4.5 0.4 3.4 3.0
Selection of River Reservoir Capacity
The determination of required capacity for a river reservoir is usually
called an operation study.
 Operation study is essentially a simulation of the reservoir operation
for a period of time in accord with an adopted set of rules.

An operation study may analyze:

1. Selected critical period of very low flow - define only the capacity
required during the selected drought.
2. long synthetic record - it is possible to estimate the
reliability of reservoirs of various capacities.

An operation study may be performed with annual, monthly, or daily time
intervals.
 Monthly data are most common but for large reservoirs, annual intervals
may be satisfactory.
 For small reservoirs, the sequence of flow within a month may
beimportant and a weekly or daily interval should be used.
Sequent-Peak Algorithm:
 Sequent-peak algorithm is commonly used when lengthy synthetic data are to be
analyzed.
Values of the cumulative sum of inflow minus withdrawals (includes average
evaporation and seepage) are calculated.
The first peak (local maximum of cumulative net inflow) and the sequent peak (next
following peak that is greater than the first peak) are identified.
The required storage for the interval is the difference between the initial peak and the
lowest trough in the interval.
The process is repeated for all cases in the period under study and the largest value of
required storage can be found.
Mass Curve Analysis:
Mass curve or Rippl diagram is a cumulative plotting of net reservoir inflow.
The slope of the mass curve at any time is a measure of the inflow at that time.
The slopes of the resulting lines indicate the yields that can be attained in each year with a
specified storage capacity.
The slope of each demand line is the yield for the period.
A demand line must intersect the mass curve when extended forward. If it does not, the
reservoir will not refill.
Example 3: (Given the capacity, determine the safe yield )
Determine the yield that would be available if a reservoir of 30,000 acre-ft capacity is
provided at the site which the mass curve of Figure 7.7 applies.
Solution Notes to Example 3:
Tangents to the mass curve are drawn so that their maximum departure from the
mass curve is 30,000 acre-ft.
The tangent from B has the least slope, 60,000 acre-ft/yr, and this is the minimum yield.
The tangent at A indicates possible yield of 95,000 acre-ft/yr in that year, but this
demand could not be satisfied between points B and C.
 STORAGE-OUTFLOW ROUTING

Reservoir Inflow – Outflow routing is done to

Determine the maximum storage needed for
reservoir sizing.

Given an inflow hydrograph, the outflow

hydrograph is computed.

Area A represents filling the reservoir and

Area C is drawing water from the reservoir.

Maximum reservoir storage is reached at the

peak of the outflow hydrograph.