Criteria for classification as reported in an ancient Chinese

encyclopedia (Lakoff 1987):

“…it is written that animals are divided into:
those that belong to the Emperor
embalmed ones
those that are trained
suckling pigs
mermaids
fabulous ones
stray dogs
those that tremble as if they were mad
those that have just broken a flower vase
Systematics- studies diversity of life
study and classification of organisms
with the goal of reconstructing their
evolutionary history

Taxonomy- study of classification

science of identifying, naming and
classifying organisms into groups
Linnaeus- 1700’s, Swedish
physician/botanist
Developed binomial naming system
 Example of Coral
Classification
The Mushroom Coral
Fungia scutaria
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Order Scleractinia
Family Fungiidae
Genus Fungia
Species scutaria
Biological Nomenclature
A species is both defined by its
genus name and specific
name.
Ex. Fungia scutaria
Fungia- genus name
scutaria- species name
Table 1. Classification of the Domestic Cat
Category Domestic Cat
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Felis
Species silvestri
 Biological Species

Organisms that are genetically

similar, and have ability to
interbreed and produce viable,
fertile offspring
 Offspring is sterile
mule

donkey

horse
Mode of Reproduction: binary fission, gametes
Cell structure: multi or single celled, nucleus/no nucleus,
cell wall/no cell wall, chlorophyll present/not present,
Internal/External skeleton: back bone, bone/cartilage
Energy: autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemotrophic
Respiratory system: gills, lungs, gas exchange
across skin/epithelium

Circulatory system: closed/open, # of chambers in a heart

 Classification

Five kingdom system:

Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Six kingdom system:

Eu- Archae- Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
bacteria bacteria

Three domain system:

Eu- Archae- E U K A R Y A
bacteria bacteria

Eight kingdom system:

Chromista
Archezoa

Protista

Eu- Archae- Plantae Fungi Animalia

bacteria bacteria
 Six kingdom system:

Monera
Eu- Archae- Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
bacteria bacteria
Kingdoms Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
(Monera)

 Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms.

 Heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, and
chemoautotrophic species.
- Purple sulfur bacteria- chemoautotrophic
- Blue-green algae (cyano)- photoautotrophic
- E. coli- heterotrophic
 Some with cell walls, but cell walls
composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose
(as in higher plants).
 Kingdom Protista
 Eukaryotic, generally single-celled,
organisms.
 If multicellular, then cells not well-oganized
into tissues and organs (more colonies of
cells).
 A very heterogeneous group include both
heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms.
 Includes protozoa (e.g., Paramecium,
Amoeba, & Euglena, etc.) and algae (e.g.,
diatoms, dinoflagellates, Volvox, & most
seaweed groups).
Kingdom Protista Diatoms

• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
• Green algae
• Brown Algae
• Red algae Dinoflagellates
 Chlorophyta: Green Algae

Halimeda opuntia
Codium edule
Caulerpa sertularioides

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Caulerpa racemosa
 Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Hydroclathrus
Padina japonica clathratus

Turbinaria ornata

Sargassum echinocarpum
Sargassum polyphyllum
 Rhodophyta: Red Algae

Ahnfeltia concinna
Acanthophora spicifera

Hypnea chordacea Asparagopsis

Galaxaura fastigiata taxiformis
 Kingdom Plantae
 Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with
cells organized into distinct tissues.
 Photoautotrophic nutrition.
 Most adapted for a terrestrial existence
and possessing vascular tissues.
 Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell
walls.
 Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees,
cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.
 Kingdom Plantae
Sea grasses

Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

Mangroves
 Kingdom Fungi
• marine fungi
 Eukaryotic, generally multicellular,
organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are
unicellular).
 Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive)
nutrition.
 Most with cell walls (usually composed of
chitin) and complex life histories.
 Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and
mushrooms.
 Kingdom Animalia
 Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with
cells organized into distinct tissues.
 Heterotrophic nutrition
 Most exhibit significant capacity for
locomotion.
 Cells not surrounded by cell walls.
 Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails,
insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and
human beings.
 Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Platyhelminthes
Porifera Mollusca Chordata
Arthropoda

Cnideria Nematoda Annelida

Echinodermata

pseudo
coelom
segmentation
acoelom
Protostome:
schizocoelem Deuterostomes:
eucoelom

radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
no true tissues true tissue

Ancestral Protist
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida
Class Desmospongia
Class Calcaria

Purple and yellow

tube sponge
Boring sponge
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnideria
Class Hydrozoa- hydroids
Class Scyphozoa- jellies
Class Cubozoa- box jellies
Class Anthozoa- corals and anemones
 Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Ctenophora- comb jellies

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelmithes- flat worms
 Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Opisthobranchia

Spanish Dancer (nudibranch)

& egg mass
 Class Gastropoda
Subclass Prosobranchia

Cone shell

Cowery Opihi

periwinkle Triton’s trumpet

Class Polyplacophora (chitons)
Class Bivalvia
 Class Cephalopoda

Day octopus
 Phylum Echinodermata: Class Echinoidea:
Sea Urchins
Slate pencil urchin
Collector urchin

Echinometra
mathaei
Echinothrix
calamaris

Colobocentrotus
atratus
 Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers

Polyplectana
kerfersteninii

Holothuria atra
 Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars

Linckia sp.

Acanthaster planci
Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars
Echinodermata: Class Crinoidea: Feather
Stars
 Phylum Arthropoda

Yellow spotted Hawaiian cleaner shrimp

Spiny lobster
guard crab

Anemone carrying Banded coral shrimp

hermit crab
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes
 Class Osteichthyes

680 species of fish in the islands' waters.

About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .
 Domino damsel

Trigger (Humu)

White mouthed
morey

Porcupine
Dwarf moray

Achilles tang trumpetfish

Class Amphibia

Rana cancrivora
 Class Reptilia

Saltwater crocodile

Marine iguana

Marine turtle

Sea snake
Class Aves
 Class Mammalia
Whales & Dolphins

Polar bear

Sea otter Seals & sealions

manatee

Dugong