Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Viruses
• Mumps
– ssRNA
– Swelling of parotid
glands, testes, ovaries
and pancreas
– Vaccine available
Exanthemas (cont’d)
• Measles (Rubeola)
– ssRNA virus
– Abrupt onset with sneezing, runny
nose and cough, red eyes and high
fever, followed by maculopapular
(flat discolored area of skin with
raised bump) rash on head and
trunk
– Also see Koplik’s spots- bright
red spots with white centers
• Norovirus
– Originally called Norwalk and Norwalk-Like Agents
– Gastroenteritis in older children and adults
– Outbreaks in camps, schools, and on cruise ships
– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and low-grade fever
– Highly infectious
Family Arenaviridae
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Blood and body
fluids
DNA
Hardy organism
Hepatitis Viruses
• Hepatitis C (HCV)
– Blood and body fluids
– RNA
– For diagnosis- Anti-HCV serology
• Hepatitis D (HDV)
– Blood and body fluids
– RNA
– Requires HBV for replication
• Hepatitis E (HEV)
– Oral-fecal
– RNA
Herpesviruses
• HSV Type 1
– Oral herpes
– “Cold sores”
– Can cause encephalitis
– Recurrent
• HSV Type 2
– Genital herpes
– Neonatal herpes
– Can cause encephalitis
– Recurrent
Herpesviruses (cont’d)
• Varicella-zoster
– Varicella causes chicken pox
– Zoster is clinical manifestation of reactivated
varicella virus, which can be latent in nerve tissue
(“Shingles”)
• Epstein-Barr
– Mononucleosis
– Associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma,
nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkins lymphoma
Herpesviruses (cont’d)
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
– Most common congenital infection in U.S.
– Most adults have antibodies to CMV
• Herpesvirus 6
– Causes Roseola Infantum or “Sixth Disease”
Herpesviruses (cont’d)
• Herpsevirus 7
– Infects CD4 + cells
– Viruses present in 75% of adult saliva
• Herpsevirus 8
– Detected in Kaposi’s sarcoma
– Not culturable
Arboviruses
• Derive name from mode of transmission
(arthropod born)
• Humans are dead-end hosts
• Families
– Bunyaviridae family
• Vector- mosquito
• Hemorrhagic fever, including Hanta virus
• Encephalitis
Arboviruses (cont’d)
• Togaviridae family
– Encephalitis
• Reoviridae family
– Colorado tick fever
• Flaviviridae family
– Most common cause of arboviral encephalitis in the
world, including St. Louis encephalitis (SLE)
– West Nile
– Dengue fever (Classic and hemorrhagic)
– Yellow fever
Antiviral Therapy
• Like bacteria and antibiotics, the use of
antivirals can result in virus resistance
• Some viral infections are treatable,
especially if therapy is given early in
infection
• Antivirals must be designed to target a
viral replication mechanism without
destroying host cells
• Vaccinations
References
• Kiser, K. M., Payne, W. C., & Taff, T. A. (2011). Clinical Laboratory Microbiology:
A Practical Approach . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
• Mahon, C. R., Lehman, D. C., & Manuselis, G. (2011). Textbook of Diagnostic
Microbiology (4th ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders.
• http://www.fifthdisease.org/general.html
• http://www.idph.state.il.us/about/immunepics/measles.htm
• http://www.idph.state.il.us/about/immunepics/mumps.htm
• http://www.mc3cb.com/viruses.html