transmission

Co-axial
COMMUNICATIO
cable
N SYSTEM

OFC
Optical
fibre
WHAT IS OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE..?

Optical fibers are circular dielectric wave-guides that can

transport optical energy and information.

 Fibre optics is being used to transmit television, voice, and

digital data signals by light waves over these flexible hair
like threads of glass and plastic.

The advantages of fibre optics compared to coaxial cable or

twisted pair cable, are endless. Millions of dollars are being
spent to put light wave communication systems into operation, as a
result of its performance.
Why OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE..?

Attenuation in co-axial
Cable is greater than that
in OFC. In co-axial cable
it is 22.3db/km
While in OFC it is
0.3km/db
ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS
1. VERY HIGH INFORMATION CARRING CAPACITY.
2. LESS ATTENUATION (order of 0.2 db/km)
3. SMALL IN DIAMETER AND SIZE & LIGHT WEIGHT
4. LOW COST AS COMPARED TO COPPER.
5. GREATER SAFETY AND IMMUNE TO EMI & RFI, MOISTURE & COROSSION
6. FLEXIBLE AND EASY TO INSTALL IN TIGHT CONDUICTS
7. ZERO RESALE VALUE (so theft is less)
8. IS DILECTRIC IN NATURE SO CAN BE LAID IN ELECTICALLY SENSITIVE
SURROUNDINGS
9. DIFFICULT TO TAP FIBERS, SO SECURE
10. NO CROSS TALK AND DISTURBANCES
 Disadvantages

• Fibre optics cables are expensive to install.

• The termination of a fibre optics cable is complex and requires

special tools.

• They are more fragile than coaxial cable.

Composition of optical fibre
 Composition of optical fibre

 The thin glass center of the fibre where the light travels is
called the “core”.

 The outer optical material surrounding the core that

reflects the light back into the core is called the “cladding”.

 In order to protect the optical surface from moisture

and damage, it is coated with a layer of buffer coating.
How light propagates..?

Light is ejected into the glass core at the correct angle and
transmitted; it will reflect back repeatedly following the
principle of TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTIONS.
 Types of OFC

Multi-mode step index fibre

The refractive index changes immediately at the boundary of

core and the cladding in step index fibre.

The light propagates through different number of modes.

This fibre suffers modal dispersion.

Contd…

Multi-mode graded index fibre

The refractive index changes gradually from the centre of the

Core to the end point of cladding in graded index fibre.

The light propagates through different number of modes.

This fibre does not suffers modal dispersion.

Contd…

Single mode step index fibre

The refractive index changes immediately at the boundary of

core and the cladding in step index fibre.

The light propagates without any node through the fibre, means it
passes straight.

This fibre also does not suffers modal dispersion.

1.PDH

2.SDH
Optical
3.DWDM Fibre
Systems
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

 The PDH technology is used in telecommunications networks to

transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment
such as fibre optic and microwave radio systems.

 Laying cable between switch sites is very expensive. PDH

increases traffic capacity of a cable by increasing bit rate.

 4 lower order signals multiplexed into single higher order signal

at each level.

 In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating its own

clock for synchronization. Plesiochronous – “Almost
Synchronous”.
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

565
565
140 140

140
140
34 34

34
34
8 8

8
8
2 2
PDH hierarchies

EUROPEAN JAPAN

565 400
USA
X4 X4
276
140 100
X6
X4 X3
45
34 32
X7
X4 X5
6
8 6
X4
X4 X4
1.5
2 1.5
PDH system

E 8 mbps E
X X
8 mbps O O
C
2nd L OFC L 2nd
C
H H
ORDER T T ORDER
A A
MUX E E DEMUX
N N
G G
8 mbps
E E

70 km

MUX multiplexes 4 PCM on to a single channel, while

OLTE(Optical line terminal Equipment) converts the
electrical signal into light to transmit on OFC.
PDH limitations

So many systems because of installation of OFCs in pairs.

 extra system are required to add and drop some signal.

3 different hierarchies with 3 different signal formats and line

encoding methods.

Requirement of high capacity systems.

 it is not synchronised leading to loss of signal.

 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

It is an international standard networking principle and a

multiplexing method.

standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple

digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or light-emitting
diodes (LEDs).

Replaced the PDH system for transporting larger amounts of

telephone calls and data traffic over the same fibre wire without
synchronization problems.

S
D H
SDH Principle

S
D H
Requirement Of SDH

 Need for extensive network management capability within the

hierarchy.
 Standard interfaces between equipment.
 Need for inter-working between north American and European
systems.
 Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed
signal.
 To establish network system with full synchronisation.
S
D H
SDH bit rates

S
D H
 Merits of SDH
• Simplified multiplexing/de-multiplexing techniques.

• Enhanced Operations, Administration, Maintenance and provisioning

capabilities.

• Easy growth to higher bit rates in step with evolution of transmission

technology.

• Capable of transporting existing PDH signals.

• Capable of transporting future broadband (ATM) channel bit rates.

S
D H
SDH multiplexing map

S
D H
 Synchronisation
Synchronisation is the means of keeping all the digital equipments In
your network operating at the same rate.
All network elements are synchronised to a central clock.

Centra
l clock

C A

B S
D H
 Synchronisation
Benefits of a Synchronous Networks.

The more efficient Add/Drop operations lead to greater ease in

provisioning of high bandwidth lines for new multimedia services.

The network management capability enable the failure of links

or even nodes to be identified immediately.

Synchronous networks are fully software controllable.

In synchronous networks it's possible to dynamically allocate

network capacity, or bandwidth, on demand.
S
D H
ADD/DROP MUX

S
D H
DWDM-DENSE WAVELENGHT DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Issues
Exponential increase in user demand for bandwidth
 Doubling of bandwidth requirement every 6-9 months
Consistency in quality of services.
Keeping the cost of solutions affordable.

solutions
Increase channel capacity: TDM, WDM
Statistical multiplexing of users: Multiple optical fibers

DWDM
 Problems with solutions

► TDM
 Dependency of Mux-Demux on bit rate.
 Limitations on bit rates
► how fast can we go? (Decides how small the time slots can be)

► WDM
 Inefficient usage of full capacity of the optical fiber
 Capability of carrying signals efficiently over short distances
only

IMPROVEMENT IN OPTICAL FIBRES AND NARROWBAND LASERS

GAVE RISE TO DWDM TECHNOLOGY- DENSEWAVELENGTH
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING.
DWDM
 WHAT IS
DWDM…???
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-optic
transmission technology to combine multiple optical signals
operating at different wavelengths into a single fiber. This technology
allows the capacity of an optical fiber to increase dramatically.

DWDM
 How does dwdm fair better..?
combine many types of traffic from different networks and at
different speeds onto a single fiber circuit.

uses wavelengths much closer together and therefore is able to

carry much more data.

DWDM can simultaneously transport signals at different data rates.

DWDM operates over fiber already in place.

DWDM saves money.

DWDM
The Dwdm system

DWDM
How capacity increases…?

DWDM
 How dwdm saves money..?

Before DWDM

After DWDM

DWDM