Lateral Impact Derailment Mechanisms,

Simulation and Analysis

Presenter : Hunny Verma

 CONTENT
 Theme of Presentation

 Impact Simulation Model

 Dynamic response to Lateral Impact

 Derailment Mechanism due to Lateral Impact

 CAPA

 Highlights

 Conclusion

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

Number of Accidents by Type in Indian Railways

Between 2010 - 11 to 2015 - 16

400
350
300
250
200 TOTAL =
803
150
100
50
0
Collision Derailement LC Fire in Trains Misc.
(46 %) Accidents Accidents
(43 %)

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Impact Simulation Model

 Truck – Train Collision Model

 Train Model

 Track Model

 Wheel – Rail Contact Model

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Truck – Train Collision Model

 Road Vehicle – Multi-Body System

 Simulation of Front – End Collision

 Lumped Mass with Non-linear frontal stiffness

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

Three Phase Piecewise Force – Displacement Model

(Cabin Deformation)

(Front Structure Buckling)

(Bull – bar Work)

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Collision Force in Rail Vehicle

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

Collision Force Vector Acting on Rail Car

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Train Model
Piecewise Linear Spring Element

Piecewise Nonlinear
Dashpot

Non-linear Spring
Element (Secondary
Suspension Element)
Non-linear Spring
Element (Primary
Suspension Element)

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,

simulation and analysis
 Dynamic Equation of Steady state motion

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Track Model

Rigid Rectangular
Beam
Euler Beam

Linear
Spring-
Damper
Element

Uniform Stiffness and Damping

 Wheel-Rail Contact Model

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

Dynamic Response of Train subjected to Lateral
Impact
 Kinetic Energy Transmitted from the crashing truck to train:

 Truck mass = 5 tonnes

 Impact speed = 30 km/h
 Passenger Train Speed = 90 km/h
 Wheel/rail friction coefficient = 0.3
 Friction coefficient at the collision interface = 0.5

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

0.78 Time histories of lateral and roll velocities
m/s

0.54 m/s

0.41 m/s

0.36 rad/s

0.17
rad/s

0.13
rad/s

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Effect of Impact Speed
1.12 m/s
(315 %)↑

0.27 m/s 300 %↑

0.54 rad/s
(500 %)↑

0.09
rad/s

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Effect of Truck Mass

0.61 m/s 500 %↑

(126 %)↑

0.27 m/S

0.47 rad/s
(422 %)

0.09 rad/s

Impact Speed10 km/h

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis
 Effect of Truck Mass
113.6 mm
(205 %)↑ 500 %↑

37.3 mm

5.05 °
(421 %)↑

0.97 °

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Effect of Impact Position

40.8
mm

11.4
mm

9.7
mm

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

Derailment Mechanism

Collision Induced Derailment Pattern:

1. Wheel-Flange Climbing

2. Vehicle overturning – Possible for Higher Impact Energy

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

Wheel Flange Climbing – Time History
Truck weight = 5 tonnes

0.1 s 0.76 s

0.15 s 0.23 s

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,

simulation and analysis
Time Lapse of Flange Climbing Derailment

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,

simulation and analysis
Overturning Mechanism
Truck weight = 20 tonnes

0.14 s

0.18 s 0.13 s
0.37 s

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,

simulation and analysis
 CAPA
 Improving the Energy absorption performance

 Modification of Wheel Rail Friction

 Anti-Derailment Devices

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

Derailment Boundary Line

40 tonnes. No derailment
for v < 10 km/h

<5
km/h

< 10 tonnes – No
Derailment at normal
speed
 Effectiveness of Secondary Lateral Damper

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

Effectiveness of Secondary Lateral Damper

0.92

0.39

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Effectiveness of Secondary Lateral Damper

Derailment area

Non derailment Area

Derailment Boundary Curve

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Effect of Inter Vehicle Damper

Derailment area

Non derailment Area

Derailment Boundary Curve

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Recap and Conclusion

 Mechanism of Lateral Impact induced Derailment

 Multi-body Dynamics Simulation Method

 Lateral Collision induced derailment pattern:

1. Wheel Flange Climbing

2. Vehicle Overturning

 CAPA and Derailment Boundary Condition Concept

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

 Recap and Conclusion
 Heavy road vehicles of mass less than 10 tonnes operating at
normal speeds may not induce derailment.

 Unless speed is reduced to 5 km/h, very heavy road vehicle

(for example, 120 tonnes mass) will certainly cause
derailment

 For road vehicles of mass higher than 40 tonnes, speed must

be reduced to 10km/h or less.

 Reduction in the speed of road trucks is economical.

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms, simulation and analysis

Reference
 Ling Liang, Dhanasekar Manicka, Thambiratnam P. David, Sun
Q. Yan, (2016), “Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,
simulation and analysis” , International Journal of Impact
Engineering, Elsevier, 94, 36 - 49.

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,

simulation and analysis
THANK YOU

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,

simulation and analysis
Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,
simulation and analysis
Effect of Yaw motion on lateral displacement

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,

simulation and analysis
Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,
simulation and analysis
Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,
simulation and analysis
Overturning Mechanism

Time – History of Wheel Rail Forces - Overturn Derailment

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,
simulation and analysis
 Overturning Mechanism

Time – History of Lateral Displacement and Wheel rise- Overturn Derailment

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,
simulation and analysis
Effect of Truck Mass

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,

simulation and analysis
Frequency Response of Lateral velocity and
acceleration

Lateral impact derailment mechanisms,

simulation and analysis