1.

Measurements & units

2. Scalars & vectors
3. Displacement, Velocity and
acceleration
4. Relative velocity.
5. Motion in two dimensions and
in three dimensions
6. Special case: Gravity
Summary
• Vectors: Positions, Displacement,
Velocity and Acceleration.
 Vector or Scalar?

• Speed………..scalar
• Velocity……...vector
• Acceleration..vector
• Time………….scalar
• Force…………scalar
• Distance……..it depends...
 Some Derivatives
• Powers d n
x =?
dx

• Trig Functions d
sin(x ) = ?
dx

• Exponentials d x
e =?
dx
 Average Velocity
What is the average velocity in the last
second (t = 3 to 4) ?
x (meters)
6
4
2

-2 1 2 3 4 t (seconds)
A. 2 m/s
B. 4 m/s
C. 1 m/s
D. 0 m/s
 Instantaneous velocity
What is the instantaneous velocity in the
last second?

x (meters)
6
4
2

-2 1 2 3 4 t (seconds)

A.-2 m/s
B. 4 m/s
C. 1 m/s
D. 0 m/s
 Average Speed
What is the average speed over the
first 4 seconds ?
x (meters)
6
4
2

-2 1 2 3 4 t (seconds)

A. 2 m/s
turning point
B. 4 m/s
C. 1,5 m/s
D. 0 m/s
 Correcting home exercises

What is displacement of a train from staring point to

point at 3 seconds after ?
What is the velocity and acceleration of a train ??
(AV or IV) from staring point to point at 3 seconds
after ?
 Part 4
Relative velocity.
 Brainstorming

Air speed
Ground speed
Galilean formula of velocity sum
Learning Check
Solution

a) Up
 Learning Check

boat
river

ground
 Part 5
Motion in one dimension
and in two dimensions
Linear motion
 0 is certain point

Green car with solar cell

 Learning Check

John is moving to x direction by equation:

X= - 25t2 +3t +7 (cm)
1- What is John ‘s position at time t=0?
and t = 3(s) ?
2- What is his velocity at time time t=0?
and t = 3(s) ? Average speed of John after 10s moving?
3- What is his acceleration at time time t=0?
and t = 3(s) ? Average acceleration of John after 10s
moving?
 Learning check
Acceleration vs Time Plots

• Gives acceleration at any time.

• Area gives change in velocity
Acceleration at t=4, a(4) = a

Change of v between t=4 and t=1. ∆ v = 3

t
4
-3
Solution
Constant Acceleration

Equation of motion is dv
a =
dt
where acceleration is constant.

a dt = dv
Integrate both sides
∫ dv = ∫ a dt
v = vo + a t

The o in v subscript refers to the original or initial

value at the beginning of the time interval of
interest.
 dx
v =
Arranging this equation
dt

v dt = dx
Substituting the velocity equation from the previous page

dx = ( v o + ao t ) dt
Integrating both sides

∫ dx = ∫ ( v o + ao t ) dt

1
x = xo + v o t + ao t 2
2
 Learning Check

X=2+10t +4t2 (m)

At t=3  x= 2+3.10 +4.9 = 68 (m)
V= 10 + 8t (m/s)
At x=4  4= 2+10t +4t2 
4t2 +10t –2 =0  t = ?
 Part 5
Motion in two
dimensions
 Motion in two dimensions

V =V +V
2 2
x
2
y

a =a +a
2 2
x
2
y
Positions in 2 dimensions
 x (meters)
Example
100

0
• Where is velocity zero?
-100
• Where is velocity positive?
• Where is velocity negative?
-200 • Where is speed largest?
-300
osition vs. vtime
(m/s)
0 5 10
t (seconds)
15 20 • Where is acceleration zero?
• Where is acceleration positive?
20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
0 5 10 15 20
elocity vs. time t (seconds)
Learning Check
Learning Check
 Part 6
Free fall

Isaac Newton in 1689, by Sir

Godfrey Kneller.
History
Learning Check
 Exercises of today’s lecture

A ball is thrown straight up in the air and returns

to its initial position. During the time the ball is in
the air, which of the following statements is true?
A - Both average acceleration and average velocity are zero.
B - Average acceleration is zero but average velocity is not zero.
C - Average velocity is zero but average acceleration is not zero.
D - Neither average acceleration nor average velocity are zero.
 Summary of Concepts

• kinematics: A description of motion

• position: your coordinates
• displacement: ∆ x = change of position
• velocity: rate of change of position
– average : ∆ x/∆ t
– instantaneous: slope of x vs. t
• acceleration: rate of change of velocity
– average: ∆ v/∆ t
– instantaneous: slope of v vs. t
 Class Question
• How do units differ from variables?
List 10 clear examples of units and 10
clear examples of variables.
 Problem

• A motorcycle moves with an initial velocity of 30m/s.

• When its brakes are applied, it decelerates at 5.0m/s2
until it stops.
• Plot the position, velocity and acceleration as a
function of time.
• What is the position, velocity and acceleration 2
seconds after the brakes are applied?

v = vo + a t
1
x = xo + v o t + ao t 2
2
Use bike computer
 Bikebrain
Attaches to a “PalmPilot”

Source:
http://www.bikebrain.com
 Problem
• A car starts from rest and travels northward.
• It accelerates at a constant rate for 30
seconds until it reaches a velocity of 55mph.
• Plot the acceleration, velocity and position
as a function of time.
 Problem

• A girl shoots an arrow upward.

• It strikes the ground 10.0 seconds
later.
• What was its initial velocity and what
was the maximum height?
v y = v yo + a y t

1
y = y o + v yo t + a yo t 2
2
 Problem

• A man standing on a 20-m helicopter

throws a ball upward at 120 m/s.
• How long does it take to hit the ground?
 Team Exercise, 3 min.
1. The derivative of velocity with respect to time is:
– position or acceleration
1. By integrating velocity with respect to time we get:
– distance traveled or acceleration
1. The derivative of position with respect to time is:
– acceleration or velocity
1. Integrating acceleration twice with respect to time is :
– velocity squared or distance
1. The derivative is associated with the _________ while the
integral is associated with _________
– area under the curve, slope
 Team Exercise (3 minutes)

• One dimensional motion

– What is the distance traveled in 3 seconds?
– What is the acceleration at 1.25 hours?
20
Speed, mph

10
0

0 1 2 3

Time, hours
 Short thesis

• Do the thesis about

1- Vinasat (Vietnamese satellite)
2- Accelerators for neutron
3- Living at temperature of zero (0C) level
4- Shooting with artillery
5- Fly without air
 Please
Make friend with DVD experiments