Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0% 0%
gh w
Hi Lo
Oncology
• Julie opted to have a lymphectomy of her
right arm lymph nodes, and started radiation
treatment right away. Her doctor also
suggested that she start Adriamycin IV
chemotherapy to get any cells that the
radiation might miss.
Oncology
• Cancer Risks
• #1 = advancing age
• #2 = smoking tobacco
• Hormones – Prempro caused a substantial increase
in breast cancer on the HERS trial
• Genetic inheritance of oncogenes and autoimmune
diseases
• Environmental exposure
• Excessive intake of dietary fats
Oncology
• Cancer risks
• High alcohol consumption
• Low dietary vegetables and fiber (sources
of antioxidants)
• Previous Viral infections:
Hepatitis B or C
Herpes viruses
Papilloma viruses (HPV)
Retrovirus HTLV –I
Oncology
• Types of cancer cells are named for their site of
origin:
• Adenocarcinoma
• Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
• Squamous
• Basal cell
• Astrocytomas
• Melanomas
• Sarcomas
• Lymphomas
Oncology
• Symptoms of Cancer
• Cachexia – weight loss,unexplained
• Anorexia
• Anemia
• Impaired immune response
• Pain – when the cancer is large enough to
compress nerves or organs
• Lymphadema – when the tumor blocks lymph or
circulatory flow
• Motor or sensory deficits
Oncology
• The 60 year old client with small cell lung cancer is concerned that
his grown children also might develop the disease. What is the
nurses best response?
– A. “This disease is a random event
and there is no way to prevent it.”
– B. “Because this disease is inherited as a
dominant trait, your children have a 50% risk
for developing it.”
– C. “Cigarette smoking is the main cause of this
disease, and helping your children not to
smoke will decrease their risk.”
– D. “ Lung cancer can be avoided by decreasing
dietary intake of fats and increasing the
amount of regular aerobic exercise.”
Oncology
• Cancer statistics
• The top four cancers found in the United
States are:
• Lung
• Breast
C
• Prostate
• Colorectal
Oncology
• Cancer statistics
• Prostate cancer is the most common site of
cancer and the 2nd most common cause of
cancer death in the United States
• The first cause of death in males is Lung
Cancer
Oncology
Oncology
• Cancer statistics
• Lung cancer has annual
new cases (incidence)
of 173,770 people
per year: 93,110 males and
80,660 females
• Annual mortality: 160,440 per year
consisting of 92,000 males and
68,510 females
Oncology
• Cancer statistics
• 28% of all cancer deaths are due to lung cancer
1. Debilitating fatigue
2. Mucositis
3. hair loss
4. nausea and
vomiting 0% 0% 0% 0%
gu
e s ss ng
ti o siti rl
o iti
a uc i m
n gf M ha vo
t ati an
d
li
ebi se
a
D u
na
What are some of the educational issues for
patients receiving radiation treatment
1. Burns
2. Anemia
3. Skin care
4. Diet
5. All of the above
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
s ia re e t e
urn
e m ca Di bov
B n a
An Sk
i
he
ft
lo
Al
Oncology
• Nursing interventions for radiation TX
• Assess incidence and severity of side effects
• Maximize radiation protection, all wastes will be
radioactive if isotopes are injected
• Shielding for staff
Oncology
• Malignant Lymphomas – 2 types
• Hodgkin's Lymphoma – most common cancer in
10 to 20 year olds (young adults). Associated with
an inflammatory process related to +EBV/mono
infection.
• Diagnosis: Classic Reed-Steinberg cell with two
mirrored nuclei, CT scan
• Symptoms: Extreme fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes
that are painless. May progress to weight loss
fevers, night sweats
Oncology
• Malignant Lymphomas – 2 types
• Hodgkin's Lymphoma
• Treatment – combined radiation and
chemotherapy, stem cell transplants if
resistant type or recurring
• 85% curable
• (90% in some institutions)
Oncology
• Malignant Lymphomas – 2 types
• Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma – 3 times more
common than Hodgkin’s lymphoma, can either be
T-cell lymphomas, or B-cell lymphomas
• Can be low grade or high grade disease. B-cell
lymphomas = 50% and usually are more aggressive
tumors. Since they grow faster, they are also more
sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy
Oncology
• Malignant Lymphomas – 2 types
• Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
• Diagnosis: bone marrow biopsy, CT scan,
lymphoma panel with CD markers
• Symptoms- adenopathy, spleenomegaly with vague
abdominal pain, back pain, and since immunity B or
T-cell function is affected- the patient is more prone
to infections. Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a
classic discoid rash on the upper body and trunk
that does not respond to steroids or creams.
• NHL can progress rapidly to leukemia if untreated.
Oncology
• Malignant Lymphomas – 2 types
• Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
• Treatments: Monoclonal antibodies,
chemotherapy with Fludara/Fludarabine,
radiation therapy, and bone marrow implants
Oncology
• Leukemia– hematopoeitic cancer of the
stem cells. These stem cells proliferate into
non-functional immature white cells.
• More children get leukemia than any other
type of cancer and it is the #1 cause of
death in children.
• Anyone can get leukemia at any age.
Oncology
• Leukemia -4 types