Chemical Reactions

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 Types of Reactions
• There are five types of chemical
reactions we will talk about:
1. Synthesis reactions
2. _____________ reactions
3. Single displacement reactions
4. ________________ reactions
5. Combustion reactions
• You need to be able to identify the type
of reaction and predict the product(s)
 Steps to Writing Reaction Equations
1. Identify the type of reaction.
2. Predict the product(s) using the type of
reaction as a model.
3. Balance it.

Don’t forget about the diatomic elements!

(H,N,O,F,Cl,Br,I) For example, Oxygen is O2 as
an element.
When in a compound, however, it (O) will not be
diatomic because it’s no longer an element, but
an atom in a compound!
 1. Synthesis reactions
• Synthesis reactions occur when two
substances (generally elements) combine to
form a compound. (Sometimes these are
called “combination” or “addition” reactions.)
reactant + reactant  1 product
• Basically: A + B  AB
• Example: 2H2 + O2  2H2O
• Example: C + O2  CO2
 Synthesis Reactions
• Here is another example of a synthesis
reaction.
 Practice
• Predict the products. Write and balance
the following synthesis reaction equations.

• Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas.

• Solid Magnesium reacts with fluorine gas.
• Aluminum metal reacts with fluorine gas.
• Calcium oxide is synthesised from its
elements.
 Synthesis Reactions
 Practice Answers:
 1. 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
 2. Mg(s) + F2(g) → MgF2(s)
 3. 2Al(s) + 3F2(g) → 2AlF3(s)
 4. 2Ca(s) + O2(g) → 2CaO(s)
 2. Decomposition Reactions
• Decomposition reactions occur when a
compound breaks up into its elements or
into simpler compounds
• 1 Reactant  Product + Product
• In general: AB  A + B
• Example: 2 H2O  2H2 + O2
• Example: 2 HgO  2Hg + O2
 Decomposition Reactions
• Another view of a decomposition reaction:
 Decomposition Reactions: Compounds → simpler
compounds (refer to Decomposition Rxns yellow sheet)
• Chlorates and carbonates:
Metal chlorates decompose to form oxygen and a metal
chloride.
• Example: 2 Al(ClO3)3  2 AlCl3 + 9 O2
Metal carbonates decompose to form carbon dioxide and a
metal oxide.
• Example: CaCO3  CO2 + CaO

Acids: decompose to form water and a nonmetal oxide

• Example: H2CO3  H2O + CO2

Metal hydroxides: decompose to form water and a metal

oxide
• Example: Mg(OH)2  H2O + MgO
 Practice
• Predict the products. Then, write and balance
the following decomposition reaction
equations:
• Solid lead (IV) oxide decomposes
when heated.
• Sodium chlorate is heated to 1850oC.
• Aluminum nitride decomposes.
• Water undergoes electrolysis.
 Decomposition Reactions
 Practice Answers
 1. PbO2(s) → Pb(s) + O2(g)
 2. 2 NaClO3(s) → 2 NaCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
 3. 2 AlN3(s) → 2 Al(s) + 3 N2(g)
 4. 2 H2O(l) →electricity→ 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
 Practice
Identify the type of reaction for each of the
following (synthesis or decomposition)
reactions, and write the balanced equation:
N2(g) + O2(g)  nitrogen monoxide
BaCO3(s) 
Co(s)+ S(s)  (make Co be +3)
SrO(s) + H2O(g) 
NI3(s) 
 Practice answers
 1. synthesis: N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)
 2. decomposition: BaCO3(s) → CO2(g) + BaO(s)
 3. synthesis: 2 Co(s) + 3 S(s) → Co2S3(s)
 4. synthesis: SrO(s) + H2O(g) → Sr(OH)2(s)
 5. decomposition: 2 NI3(s) → N2(g) + 3 I2(g)
 3. Single Replacement Reactions
• Single Replacement Reactions occur when a free
element replaces another in a compound.
• A metal can replace a metal (+) OR
a nonmetal can replace a nonmetal (-).
• element + compound new element + new compound
A + BC  AC + B (if A is a metal) OR
A + BC  BA + C (if A is a nonmetal)
(remember the cation always goes first!)

**When H2O splits into ions, it splits into

H+ and OH- (not H+ and O-2 !!)
 Single Replacement Reactions
• Another view:
 Single Replacement Reactions
 How to determine when a SR rxn will occur:

 In SR reactions, the more active metal-or

halogen-will end up as an ion, so, in the
compound.

e.g. Na(s) + CsCl(aq) → Cs(s) + NaCl(aq), but…

Cs(s) + NaCl(aq) → N.R. (no reaction)

F2(g) + CaCl2(aq) → Cl2(g) + CaF2(aq), but …

Br2(l) + NaF → N.R.
 Single Replacement Reactions
 Remember:
• Metals lose electrons – to become
“+” ions.
• Halogens (non-metals) gain electrons – to
become “−” ions.

To determine the relative activity of metals

and halogens, check the Activity Series!
 Single Replacement Reactions
• Write and balance the equations for the
following single replacement reactions :
• Zinc metal reacts with aqueous
hydrochloric acid.

Note: Zinc replaces the hydrogen ion in the

reaction.
(continue practice on next slide)
 Single Replacement Reactions
• Sodium chloride solid reacts with fluorine gas.

• Aluminum metal reacts with aqueous copper (II)

nitrate.

• Calcium metal reacts with a solution of silver nitrate.

 Single replacement Reactions
 Practice answers:

 1. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

 2. 2 NaCl(s) + F2(g) → 2 NaF(s) + Cl2(g)
 3. 2 Al(s) + 3 Cu(NO3)2(aq) → 3 Cu(s) +
2 Al(NO3)3(aq)
4. 2 Ca(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Ag(s) + 2Ca(NO3)2(aq)
 4. Double Replacement Reactions
• Double Replacement Reactions occur
when a metal in one compound replaces a
metal in another compound.
• Compound + compound  new

compound + new compound

AB + CD  AD + CB
 Double Replacement Reactions
• Think about it like “foil”ing in algebra, first and
last ions go together + inside ions go together.
• Example:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(s)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

• Another example:
K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)  2KNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Double Replacement Reactions
 States of matter of products …

 In double replacement reactions between

2 aqueous compounds, how do you know
the state of matter of each of the
products?

…..check the Solubility Rules!

 Practice
• Predict the products. Balance the equation.
1. HCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) 
2. CaCl2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq) 
3. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 
4. FeCl3(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
5. H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
6. KOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) 
Double Replacement Reactions
 Practice answers:
 HCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → HNO3(aq)+ AgCl(s)
 3 CaCl2(aq) + 2 Na3PO4(aq) → 6NaCl(aq) +
Ca3(PO4)2(s)
 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → Ba(NO3)2(aq) + PbCl2(s)
 FeCl3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) → 3 NaCl(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s)
 H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
 2 KOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)
 5. Combustion Reactions
• Combustion reactions
occur when a hydrocarbon
reacts with oxygen gas.
• This is also called
burning!!! In order to burn
something you need 3
substances in the “fire
triangle”:
1) A Fuel (hydrocarbon)
2) Oxygen to burn it with
3) Something to ignite the
reaction (spark)
 Combustion Reactions
• In general:
CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O
• Products in complete
combustion are ALWAYS carbon
dioxide and water. (although
incomplete burning does cause
some by-products like carbon
monoxide and carbon)
• Combustion is used to heat
homes and run automobiles
(octane, as in gasoline, is C8H18)
 Combustion
Reactions

Edgar Allen Poe’s

drooping eyes and
mouth are potential
signs of CO
poisoning.
 Combustion
• Example
• C5H12 + O2  CO2 + H2O
8 5 6
• Write the products and balance the following combustion reaction:
• C10H22 + O2 

(answer on slide after next!)

 Mixed Practice
• State the reaction type, predict the
products, and balance the following
reaction equations:
1. BaCl2 + H2SO4 
2. C6H12 + O2 
3. Zn + CuSO4 
4. Cs + Br2 
5. FeCO3 
 Mixed Practice
 Combustion reaction:
2 C10H22(l) + 31 O2(g) → 20 CO2(g) + 22 H2O(g)
1. DR: BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → 2HCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
2. C: C6H12(l) + 9 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
3. SR: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
4. S: 2 Cs(s) + Br2(g) → 2 CsBr(s)
5. D: FeCO3(s) → CO2(g) + FeO(s)
 Total Ionic Equations
 Once you write the molecular equation
(synthesis, decomposition, etc.), you should
check for reactants and products that are soluble
or insoluble.
 Aqueous (aq) substances are dissolved in water.
 We can use a solubility table to tell us which
compounds dissolve in water.
 If a compound is soluble (does dissolve in water),
then it dissociates into its component ions
 If the compound is insoluble (does NOT dissolve
in water), then it remains as a compound (s)
Solubility Table
 Solubilities Not on the Table!
 Gases only slightly dissolve in water.
 Strong acids and bases ionise completely
in water.
 Hydrochloric, Hydrobromic, Hydroiodic, Nitric,
Sulfuric, Perchloric Acids
 Group I hydroxides (should be on your chart
anyway)
 Water slightly ionises in water! (→ H+ and
OH-)---more on this later!
 Total Ionic Equations
Molecular Equation:
K2CrO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  PbCrO4(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
Soluble Soluble Insoluble Soluble

Total Ionic Equation:

2 K+ + CrO4 -2 + Pb+2 + 2 NO3- 
PbCrO4 (s) + 2 K+ + 2 NO3-

All ions are aqueous (aq)!

 Net Ionic Equations
 These are the same as total ionic equations,
but you should cancel out all aqueous
species (ions) that appear on BOTH sides of
the equation.
Total Ionic Equation:
2 K+ + CrO4 -2 + Pb+2 + 2 NO3- 
PbCrO4 (s) + 2 K+ + 2 NO3-
Net Ionic Equation:
CrO4-2(aq) + Pb+2(aq)  PbCrO4 (s)
 Net Ionic Equations
 Try this one! Write the molecular, total ionic, and net
ionic equations for this reaction: Solutions of silver
nitrate and lead (II) chloride react in hot water.

Molecular:

Total Ionic:

Net Ionic:
 Net Ionic Equations
Answers…
Molecular: 2 AgNO3(aq) + PbCl2(aq) →
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 AgCl(s)

Total Ionic: 2 Ag+ + 2 NO3- + Pb+2 + 2 Cl- →

Pb+2 + NO3- + AgCl(s)

Net Ionic: Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)