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Response Spectrum

Heaven Singh
Lecturer
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
Patiala, Punjab
THIS PRESENTATION COVERS
 THE DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF
RESPONSE SPECTURM
 HOW IS THE RESPONSE SPECTRUM
CONSTRUCTED FOR A GIVEN INPUT
EARTHQUAKE TIME HISTORY
 WHAT IS A DESIGN RESPONSE
SPECTRUM. HOW IS IT OBTAINED FROM
RESPONSE SPECTRUM?
Response Spectrum
 During ground shaking, one can measure
ground acceleration versus time (accelerogram)
using an accelerograph
 Accelerograph is the instrument
 Accelerogram is the record obtained from it
 Accelerogram is the variation of ground acceleration with
time (also called time history of ground motion)
Typical Accelerograph

This is a typical analog instrument. These days, digital instruments are


becoming popular (photo from Earthquakes by Bolt)
Typical
Accelerograms

From Dynamics of Structures


by A K Chopra, Prentice Hall

Time, sec
Response Spectrum (contd…)

 If the ground moves as per a given


accelerogram, what is the maximum response of
a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system (of
given natural period T and damping  )?
 Response may mean any quantity of interest,
e.g., deformation, acceleration
Response Spectrum (contd…)

 Consider a SDOF shown above subjected to a ground


motion time history as shown above
 Using a computer, one can calculate the response of
SDOF system with time (time history of response)
 Response may mean any quantity of interest, e.g.,
deformation, acceleration
 Can pick maximum response of this SDOF system (of
given T and damping) from this response time history
Response Spectrum (contd…)

 For the SDOF (in prev. slide) subjected to


accelerogram (in previous slide), the time
history of deformation is shown above.
 Note the peak value of deformation is 7.47
inches.
Response Spectrum (contd…)

 Repeat this exercise for different values of


natural period (keeping damping constant at
2%)
 For design, we usually need only the maximum
response.
 Hence, for future use, plot maximum response
versus natural period (for a given value of
damping).
 Such a plot of maximum response versus
natural period for a given accelerogram (at a
specified damping) is called response
spectrum.
Response Spectrum (contd…)

ag(t)/g Displacement
Response
Spectrum for
Time, sec
T=0.5 sec the above time
 =2% history
d(t)/g

T=1.0 sec
 =2% d(t)/g

dmax
T=2.0 sec
 =2% d(t)/g

Time, sec
T, sec

Figures from Dynamics of Structures, Chopra, 2001


Response Spectrum (contd…)

 Response Spectrum is useful to obtain maximum


response of any SDOF system for that
accelerogram and for that value of damping.
Example

Acceleration, g
Mass = 10,000kg
Natural Period T=1 sec
Damping  =5% of critical
3m
Time (sec)
Ground Acceleration Time History

Maximum Acceleration, g
From Response Spectrum:
Spectral Acceleration (for T=1sec) = 0.48 g
Max. Base Shear = Mass x Spectral Accln.
=(10,000kg) x (0.48x9.81m/sec2)
= 47,000 N = 47 kN
Max. Base Moment Undamped Natural Period T (sec)
=(47kN) x (3m) = 141 kN-m Acceleration Response Spectrum for the
above accelerogram for 5% damping
(Fig. from Seed and Idriss, 1982)
Response Spectrum (contd…)

 THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION OF RESPONSE


SPECTRUM may BE repeated the entire process for
different values of damping
 The word “spectra” is
the plural of spectrum.

Maximum Velocity, in/sec


The usage of this word
implies that many
response spectrum (
each signifying
something different),
have been plotted
together on the same
graph

Velocity response spectra


for N-S component of 1940
El Centro record (damping Natural Period T (sec)
values of 0, 2, 5 and 10%)
Fig From Housner, 1970
Response Spectrum (contd…)

 Unless otherwise mentioned, response spectrum


is based on a linear elastic system
Response Spectrum (contd…)

 By response we may mean any response


quantity of interest to us, for example:
 Absolute acceleration of the mass
 Termed as Acceleration Response Spectrum
 Relative velocity of the mass with respect to
base
 Termed as Velocity Response Spectrum
 Relative displacement of the mass with respect
to base
 Termed as Displacement Response Spectrum
 Word Spectra is used to denote plural of
Spectrum.
Response Spectrum (contd…)

 Response spectrum is a very powerful tool.


 Uses of response spectrum:
 To obtain maximum response of a SDOF system
(to the original accelerogram using which
response spectrum was obtained)
 To obtain maximum response in a particular
mode of vibration of a multi degree of freedom
(MDOF) system
 It tells about the characteristics of the ground
motion (accelerogram)
Response Spectrum (contd…)

 Different terms used in the code:


 Design Acceleration Spectrum (clause 3.5)
 Response Spectrum (clause 3.27)
 Acceleration Response Spectrum (used in cl.
3.30)
 Design Spectrum (title of cl. 6.4)
 Structural Response Factor
 Average response acceleration coefficient (see
terminology of Sa/g on p. 11)
 Title of Fig. 2: Response Spectra for ….
 It is preferable if the code uses the term
consistently.
Smooth Response Spectrum
 Real spectrum has somewhat irregular shape
with local peaks and valleys
 For design purpose, local peaks and valleys
should be ignored
 Since natural period cannot be calculated with
that much accuracy. If a graph has peaks and
valleys, a minor change in time period can
cause a major change in response
 Hence, smooth response spectrum used for
design purposes
 For developing design spectra, one also needs
to consider other issues
Smooth Response Spectrum (contd…)

Period (sec) Period (sec) Period (sec)

Acceleration Spectra Velocity Spectra Displacement Spectra

Shown here are typical smooth spectra used in design


for different values of damping
(Fig. from Housner, 1970)

The process of converting an irregular response spectrum


to a smooth response spectrum is called Smoothening. It
is done by the mathematical procedure called
Normalization
What is Design Spectrum
 Seismic Design Force can be specified in terms
of Response Spectrum:
 Termed as Design Spectrum
Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum

 Consider the Acceleration Response Spectrum


 Notice the region of red circle marked: a slight
change in natural period can lead to large
variation in maximum acceleration
Spectral Acceleration, g

Undamped Natural Period T (sec)


 Natural period of a civil engineering structure
cannot be calculated precisely
 Design specification should not very sensitive to
a small change in natural period.
 Hence, design spectrum is a smooth or average
shape without local peaks and valleys you see in
the response spectrum
 Design Spectrum is a design specification
 It must take into account any issues that have
bearing on seismic safety.
 The site may be prone to shaking from large but
distant earthquakes as well as from medium but
nearby earthquakes: design spectrum may
account for these as well.
Shape of Design Spectrum
 The three curves in Fig. 2 of IS 1893: 2002 (Part
I) have been drawn based on general trends of
average response spectra shapes.
 Please notice the regular usage of the
word “Spectrum”. This means that the
Design Spectrum proposed by IS 1893:
2002 (Part I) is for a range of time
periods , but only for a particular value
of damping (5 % in this case)
Equations for Design Spectrum
 Response spectrum shapes in Fig. 2 (IS 1893)
are for 5% damping.
 These shapes are also given in the form of
equations
 Table 3 gives multiplying factors to obtain
design spectrum for other values of damping
SUMMARY

Therefore, the procedure to construct a smooth response


spectrum can be summarized as:

 Choose the accelerogram (input earthquake time history) for which


the spectrum is to be plotted
 Analyze a large number of SDOF systems (within the range of
engineering interest) for this accelerogram, with varying natural time
periods ( but at a constant damping).
 Draw the response-time history for each of these analysis, and pick
the maximum value of response for each analysis
 Plot the max. response value vs the natural period of SDOF systems.
This plot is known as the RESPONSE SPECTRUM
 The spectrum plotted above shall have many irregular peaks
and valleys. Smoothening ( using Normalization) shall be
adopted to remove these kinks and thereby, obtain a
Smooth Response Spectrum
Site Specific Design Criteria Cl.6.4.6
 Seismic design codes meant for ordinary projects
 For important projects, such as nuclear power plants,
dams and major bridges site-specific seismic design
criteria are developed
 These take into account geology, seismicity, geotechnical
conditions and nature of project
 Site specific criteria are developed by experts and
usually reviewed by independent peers
 A good reference to read on this:
 Housner and Jennings, “Seismic Design Criteria”,
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA, 1982.

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