Graphs

Indervir Singh
Department of Economics and Public Policy
Central University of Himachal Pradesh
TAB, Shahpur, Kanga (HP)
 Some Important Graphs
 Line Graph
 Scatter Plot
 Bar Graph
 Histogram
 Box Plot

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 Line Graph
Use
 Convenient way to analyse time-series data.
 Shows temporal changes, fluctuations and relation among
different time-series variables.
 May help in the use of more advanced statistical techniques.

Precaution(s)
 The data may require smoothing.
 One must be careful about the base effect.
 Analysing too many trends in one graph may make it difficult
to understand the trend.
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4
10000.00
20000.00
30000.00
50000.00
60000.00
70000.00

0.00
40000.00
1950-51
1952-53
1954-55
1956-57
1958-59
1960-61
1962-63
1964-65
1966-67
1968-69
1970-71
1972-73
1974-75
1976-77
1978-79
1980-81
1982-83
1984-85

GDP at Factor Cost

1986-87
GDP at Factor Cost

1988-89
1990-91
1992-93
1994-95
1996-97
1998-99
2000-01
2002-03
2004-05
2006-07
2008-09
2010-11
2012-13
India’s GDP at Factor Cost (2004-05 prices)
 Log GDP at Factor Cost (2004-05 prices)
Log GDP at Factor Cost
5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

Log GDP at Factor Cost

5
 Growth rate of India’s GDP at Factor Cost

Growth Rate of GDP at Factor Cost

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00

-2.00

-4.00

-6.00
Growth Rate of GDP at Factor Cost

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 Scatter Plot
Use
 It is a useful way to see the relation between two variables.
 It is also used in advanced statistical analysis to analyse the
results as well as to observe the possible problems.
 It may provide information that an advanced statistical
analysis may miss.
Precaution(s)
 The relation between two variables is not represent the
complete picture, when more than one variable are
influencing a variable.

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 Scatter Plot
8
6
4
2
0
-2

0 50000 100000 150000

Per Capita NSDP 2012-13

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 Bar Graph
Use(s)
 It may help in seeing the pattern or trend clearly.
 The visual presentation of data is often more effective way of
communicating the results.

Precaution(s)
 Putting up too much information in a graph may make it
difficult to see the pattern.

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 District-wise Factors that Influenced the Choice of the
Steel Brand (In percentage)

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 Histogram
Use
 It provides information about the distribution of data.
 It may be used to identify outliers.

Precaution(s)
 One must be careful while grouping the data to form
intervals.

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 Histogram

12
 2.0e-05
1.5e-05
Density
1.0e-05
5.0e-06

20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

Per Capita NSDP 2013-14

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 Box Plot
Use
 It is one of the best way to find outliers and see their severity.
 It can be used to compare the centre and distribution of the
data.

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 Box Plot

15
 150000
100000
50,000 Box Plot (Per Capita NSDP)
0

Per Capita NSDP 2010-11 Per Capita NSDP 2011-12

Per Capita NSDP 2012-13 Per Capita NSDP 2013-14

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 Thank You

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