CIRCULAR MOTION

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Angular displacement
1.2 Angular velocity and angular acceleration
1.3 Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity
1.4 Uniform Circular Motion
1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial acceleration)
1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal forces
1.7 Banking of roads
1.8 Vertical circular motion due to earth’s gravitation
1.9 Equation for velocity and energy at different positions in vertical
circular motion
1.10 Kinematical equation for circular motion in analogy with linear motion
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Classification - 1

Motion is defi ned as change in the positi on of the body with respect to time

1)One dimensional moti on

If only one out of three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes with respect to
time, then the motion is called one dimensional motion.
e.g. 1)motion of a train along a straight track a man
2)object falling under gravity

2)Two dimensional motion

If only two out of three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes with respect to
time, then the motion is called two dimensional motion.
e.g. 1)Projectile motion
2)Circular motion
3)Three dimensional motion
If all the three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes with respect to time, then
the motion is called three dimensional motion.
 Classification - 2

1)Translatory Motion
In Translatory motion, the particle moves from one point in space to another.

A)Rectilinear Motion:
Motion of particle along a straight line is called rectilinear motion.
e.g. 1)motion of a train along a straight track a man
2)object falling under gravity

B)Curvilinear Motion:
Motion of particle along a curved path is called curvilinear motion.
e.g. 1)Projectile motion

C)Circular motion :
Motion of particle along the circumference of the circle is called circular motion
e.g.1)motion of the earth around the sun
2)motion of the tip of minute hand
 Classification - 2

2)Rotational Motion
In Rotational Motion, the particles of the body move in concentric circles about the axis of
motion
e.g.1)motion of earth around itself
2)motion of fan

3)Vibratory Motion
In Vibratory motion, the particles move to and fro about a fixed point
e.g. motion of simple pendulum
 Classification - 3

A)Uniform motion:
When equal distance is covered in equal interval of time, the motion is said to be in
uniform motion.
The bodies moving with constant speed or velocity have uniform motion.

B)Non Uniform motion:

When unequal distances are covered in equal interval of time, the motion is said to be in
non uniform motion.
The bodies having non uniform motion have varying speed or velocity.
 Circular motion

Define circular motion. Give its examples

Circular motion is type of translator motion in which

particle revolve along the circumference of the circle
e.g.
1) Motion of the moon around the earth.
2) Motion of the tip of hands of a clock.
3) Motion of electrons around the nucleus in an atom.
 Radius vector

A vector drawn from the centre of a circle to position of a particle on circumference of circle is
called as ‘radius vector’.
 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT
Angular displacement is defined as the angle describe by the radius vector in given time at
the centre of the circle.
ii. Consider a particle performing circular motion in anticlockwise sense as shown in
the figure.
Let, A = initial position of particle at t = 0
B = final position of particle after time t
= angular displacement in time t
r = radius of the circle
s = length of arc AB
iii. Angular displacement is given by,
=Length of arc/radius of circle
=s/r
iv. Unit: radian
v. Direction of angular displacement is
given by right hand thumb rule or right
handed screw rule.
ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT
 Right hand thumb rule:

Imagine the axis of rotation to be held in

right hand with the fingers curled around it
and thumb out-stretched. If the curled
fingers give the direction of motion of a
particle performing circular motion then
the direction of out-stretched thumb gives
the direction of angular displacement
vector.

Right handed screw

Imagine the right handed screw to be held in
the place in which particle is performing
circular motion. If the right handed screw is
rotated in the direction of particle performing
circular motion then the direction in which
screw tip advances, gives the direction of
angular displacement.
 Angular velocity

Instantaneous Angular velocity of a particle performing circular motion is defined as the

time rate of change of limiting angular displacement.
OR
The ratio of angular displacement to time is called average angular velocity

Instantaneous angular velocity is given

by,

It is a vector quantity.
Direction: The direction of angular velocity is given by right hand rule and is in the direction
of angular displacement.
Unit:
Dimensions:
 Characteristics of angular acceleration:

i. Angular acceleration is positive if angular velocity increases with time.

ii. Angular acceleration is negative if angular velocity decreases with time.
iii. Angular acceleration is an axial vector.
 Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity

Show that linear speed of a particle performing circular motion is the product of radius of
circle and angular speed of particle.
OR
Define linear velocity. Derive the relation between linear velocity and angular velocity.
[Mar 02, Mar 96, 08, 12, Oct 09]
Define uniform circular motion. OR What is uniform circular motion?

The motion of a body along the circumference of a circle with constant speed is called uniform
circular motion.

In U.C.M, direction of velocity is along the tangent drawn to the position of particle on
circumference of the circle.

Hence, direction of velocity goes on changing continuously, however the magnitude of

velocity is constant. Therefore, magnitude of angular velocity is constant.

Examples of U.C.M:
a. Motion of the earth around the sun.
b. Motion of the moon around the earth.
c. Revolution of electron around the nucleus of atom.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF U.C.M

 A type of motion which is repeated after equal interval of time is called periodic motion.

 The particle performing U.C.M repeats its motion after equal intervals of time on the
same path. Hence, U.C.M is called periodic motion

 It is a periodic motion with definite period and frequency.

 Speed of particle remains constant but velocity changes continuously.

 It is an accelerated motion.

 Work done in one period of U.C.M is zero.

Period of revolution of U.C.M.
FREQUENCY OF REVOLUTION
Derive an expression for linear acceleration of a particle performing
U.C.M. [Mar 98, 08]
Banking of road
CONICAL PENDULUM