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Chapter 39
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
CELL CYTOPLASM
WALL
Receptor
Hormone or
environmental
stimulus Plasma membrane
Reception
• Internal and external signals are detected by
receptors, proteins that change in response to
specific stimuli
• In de-etiolation, the receptor is a phytochrome
capable of detecting light
1 Reception
CYTOPLASM
Plasma
membrane
Phytochrome
Cell
wall
Light
Figure 39.4-2
1 Reception 2 Transduction
CYTOPLASM
Plasma cGMP
membrane Protein
kinase 1
Second
Phytochrome messenger
Cell
wall
Protein
kinase 2
Light
Ca2 channel
Ca2
Figure 39.4-3
CYTOPLASM Transcription
factor 1 NUCLEUS
Plasma cGMP P
membrane Protein
kinase 1
Second Transcription
Phytochrome messenger factor 2
P
Cell
wall
Protein
kinase 2 Transcription
Light
Translation
Ca2
Response
• A signal transduction pathway leads to
regulation of one or more cellular activities
• In most cases, these responses to stimulation
involve increased activity of enzymes
• This can occur by transcriptional regulation or
post-translational modification
RESULTS
Shaded
Control side
Light
Illuminated Boysen-Jensen
side
Light
Light
Gelatin Mica
(permeable) (impermeable)
Growth-promoting
chemical diffuses
into agar cube
Control
(agar cube
lacking Offset
Control chemical) cubes
A Survey of Plant Hormones
• Plant hormones are produced in very low
concentration, but a minute amount can greatly
affect growth and development of a plant organ
• In general, hormones control plant growth and
development by affecting the division,
elongation, and differentiation of cells
RESULTS
Cell 1
100 m Cell 2
Epidermis
Cortex
Phloem
Xylem 25 m
Basal end
Pith of cell
Figure 39.7a
100 m
Epidermis
Cortex
Phloem
Xylem
Pith
Figure 39.7b
Cell 1
Cell 2
25 m
Basal end
of cell
The Role of Auxin in Cell Elongation
• According to the acid growth hypothesis, auxin
stimulates proton pumps in the plasma
membrane
• The proton pumps lower the pH in the cell wall,
activating expansins, enzymes that loosen the
wall’s fabric
• With the cellulose loosened, the cell can
elongate
CELL WALL
Cellulose
microfibril
H2O
H Plasma
H membrane
H Cell wall
H
H H H
H
CELL WALL
Cellulose
microfibril
H
H
H
H
H H H
H
H2O
Plasma
membrane
Cell wall
Nucleus Cytoplasm
Vacuole
• Auxin also alters gene expression and
stimulates a sustained growth response
“Stump” after
removal of
apical bud
Axillary buds
(a) Apical bud intact (not shown in photo) (c) Auxin added to decapitated stem
Figure 39.9a
Axillary buds
Lateral branches
“Stump” after
removal of
apical bud
Aleurone
Endosperm 1 2 3
-amylase Sugar
GA
GA
Water
Scutellum Radicle
(cotyledon)
Brassinosteroids
• Brassinosteroids are chemically similar to the
sex hormones of animals
• They induce cell elongation and division in stem
segments
• They slow leaf abscission and promote xylem
differentiation
Coleoptile
Maize mutant
Figure 39.12a
Red mangrove
(Rhizophora mangle)
seeds
Figure 39.12b
Coleoptile
Maize mutant
Drought Tolerance
• ABA is the primary internal signal that enables
plants to withstand drought
• ABA accumulation causes stomata to close
rapidly
ein mutant
ctr mutant
ein mutant
ctr mutant
0.5 mm
Stem Petiole
Figure 39.15a
0.5 mm
Stem Petiole
Fruit Ripening
• A burst of ethylene production in a fruit triggers
the ripening process
• Ethylene triggers ripening, and ripening triggers
release of more ethylene
• Fruit producers can control ripening by picking
green fruit and controlling ethylene levels
Phototropic effectiveness
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength (nm)
(a) Phototropism action spectrum
Light
Time 0 min
Time 90 min
1.0 436 nm
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength (nm)
(a) Phototropism action spectrum
Figure 39.16b
Light
Time 0 min
Time 90 min
(b) Coleoptiles before and after light exposures
Figure 39.16c
Time 0 min
Figure 39.16d
Time 90 min
• Different plant responses can be mediated by
the same or different photoreceptors
• There are two major classes of light receptors:
blue-light photoreceptors and
phytochromes
RESULTS
Dark (control)
Dark (control)
Figure 39.17b
Red Dark
Figure 39.17c
Chromophore
Photoreceptor activity
Kinase activity
Figure 39.UN01
Red light
Pr Pfr
Far-red light
• Phytochromes exist in two photoreversible
states, with conversion of Pr to Pfr triggering
many developmental responses
• Red light triggers the conversion of Pr to Pfr
• Far-red light triggers the conversion of Pfr to Pr
• The conversion to Pfr is faster than the
conversion to Pr
• Sunlight increases the ratio of Pfr to Pr, and
triggers germination
Pr Pfr
Red light
Responses:
seed
Synthesis germination,
control of
flowering, etc.
Far-red
light
Noon Midnight
Figure 39.20a
Noon
Figure 39.20b
Midnight
• Circadian rhythms are cycles that are about
24 hours long and are governed by an internal
“clock”
• Circadian rhythms can be entrained to exactly
24 hours by the day/night cycle
• The clock may depend on synthesis of a
protein regulated through feedback control and
may be common to all eukaryotes
(b) Long-day
(short-night) plant
Flash
of light
• Red light can interrupt the nighttime portion of
the photoperiod
• A flash of red light followed by a flash of far-red
light does not disrupt night length
• Action spectra and photoreversibility
experiments show that phytochrome is the
pigment that receives red light
R FR
R FR R
R FR R FR
Short-day Long-day
Critical dark period (long-night) (short-night)
plant plant
• Some plants flower after only a single exposure
to the required photoperiod
• Other plants need several successive days of
the required photoperiod
• Still others need an environmental stimulus in
addition to the required photoperiod
– For example, vernalization is a pretreatment
with cold to induce flowering
Graft
Statoliths
20 m
Statoliths
20 m
Figure 39.24d
Statoliths
20 m
• Some mutants that lack statoliths are still
capable of gravitropism
• Dense organelles, in addition to starch granules,
may contribute to gravity detection
Side of pulvinus
with flaccid cells
Leaflets
after Side of pulvinus
stimulation with turgid cells
Pulvinus Vein
(motor
organ)
0.5 m
(c) Cross section of a leaflet pair in the stimulated state (LM)
Figure 39.26a
Leaflets
after
stimulation
Pulvinus
(motor
organ)
Side of pulvinus
with flaccid cells
Side of pulvinus
with turgid cells
Vein
0.5 m
(c) Cross section of a leaflet pair in
the stimulated state (LM)
Environmental Stresses
• Environmental stresses have a potentially
adverse effect on survival, growth, and
reproduction
• Stresses can be abiotic (nonliving) or biotic
(living)
• Abiotic stresses include drought, flooding, salt
stress, heat stress, and cold stress
• Biotic stresses include herbivores and
pathogens
Vascular
cylinder
Air tubes
Epidermis
100 m 100 m
(a) Control root (aerated) (b) Experimental root (nonaerated)
Figure 39.27a
Vascular
cylinder
Epidermis
100 m
(a) Control root (aerated)
Figure 39.27b
Vascular
cylinder
Air tubes
Epidermis
100 m
(b) Experimental root (nonaerated)
Salt Stress
• Salt can lower the water potential of the soil
solution and reduce water uptake
• Plants respond to salt stress by producing
solutes tolerated at high concentrations
• This process keeps the water potential of cells
more negative than that of the soil solution
4 Recruitment of
parasitoid wasps
that lay their eggs
within caterpillars
3 Synthesis
1 Wounding 1 Chemical and release
in saliva of volatile
attractants
2 Signal transduction
pathway
• Plants damaged by insects can release volatile
chemicals to warn other plants of the same
species
• Arabidopsis can be genetically engineered to
produce volatile components that attract
predatory mites
4 Signal 5
Hypersensitive Signal
6
3 response transduction
pathway
2 Signal transduction pathway
7 Acquired
resistance
1
R protein
Avirulent
pathogen
Avr effector protein
4 Signal 5
Hypersensitive Signal 6
3 response transduction
pathway
2 Signal transduction pathway
7 Acquired
resistance
1
R protein
Avirulent
pathogen
Avr effector protein
CELL CYTOPLASM
WALL Plasma membrane
Hormone or
environmental Relay proteins and Activation
stimulus of cellular
second messengers responses
Receptor
Figure 39.UN03
Figure 39.UN04
Responses
Far-red
light
Figure 39.UN05
Figure 39.UN06
Ethylene
Ethylene synthesis
Control added inhibitor
Wild-type
Ethylene insensitive
(ein)
Ethylene
overproducing (eto)
Constitutive triple
response (ctr)
Figure 39.UN07