The Role Of Electronics

In Robotics

S.Chitra & S.Nisha

Bhaktavatsalam Polytechnic College, Kancheepuram.
 Content
1.
1. Introduction
Introduction
2.
2. History
History
3.
3. Types
Types
4.
4. Components
Components
5.
5. Architecture
Architecture
6.
6. Construction
Construction
7.
7. Application
Application
8.
8. Merits
Merits && Demerits
Demerits
9.
9. In
In future
future
 Introduction to “ROBOTS”

“A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator

designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized
devices through various programmed motions for the
performance of a variety of tasks”

-Robot Institute of America, 1979

 The word “ROBOT”
• “Robot” is derived from a Czech
word meaning “Forced Labor”
• First appeared in a 1920 play R.U.R
(Rossum’s Universal Robots)
by Czech
playwright
Karel Capek.
 Three Laws Of ROBOT
• Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or,
through inaction, allow a human being to come to
harm.
• Law 2: A robot must obey any orders given to it by
human beings, except where such orders would
conflict with the First Law.
• Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long
as such protection does not conflict with the First or
Second Law.
-Isaac Asimov.
 History of ROBOT
• 270 BC - Greek engineer Ctesibus makes organs and
water clocks with movable figures.
• 1921 - The term "robot" is first used in "Rossum's
Universal Robots," a play by Czech writer Karel Capek.
• 1941 - Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov coins the
word, "robotics." 
• 1948 - "Cybernetics", an influence on artificial
intelligence research, is published by Norbert Wiener
• 1950 - the first commercial robot nicknamed the
'Unimate‘, was created.
 Cont.
• 1956 - George Devol and Joseph Engelberger forms
the world's first robot company.
• 1963 - The first artificial robotic arm controlled by a
computer designed.
• 1968 - Marvin Minsky develops the octopus-like
Tentacle Arm. 
• 1970 - "Shakey," the first mobile robot, is built.
• 1974 - The Silver Arm performs small-parts assembly
using feedback from touch and pressure sensors. 
 Types Of ROBOTS
• Industrial Robots
materials handling, welding, inspection, improving
productivity, Laboratory applications.
 Cont.
• Mobile Robots
Mobile robots have the capability to move
around in their environment and are not fixed to
one physical location.
 Cont.
• Educational Robots –
Robotic kits are used extensively in eduatcion.
Examples are Robolab and Lego and RoboCup
Soccer.
 Cont.
• Domestic Robots
Designed to perform household tasks and
modern toys which are programmed to do
things like talking, walking & dancing.
 Adaptive and Non-Adaptive ROBOTS

• Adaptive Robots - get feedback from a sensor

to alter the operation of the device.

• Non- adaptive robots - no way of sensing the

environment, so do the job regardless of any
environmental factors
 The Purpose of Robots
• Repetitive tasks that robots can do 24/7.
– Welding car frames
– part pick and place
– manufacturing parts.
• High pricision movements
– Electronics testing
– Surgery
– precision machining.
 Cont.
• Dangerous tasks
– Space exploration
– chemical spill cleanup
– disarming bombs
– disaster cleanup
• High speed
• Assisting handicapped.
• Dirty tasks
• Impossible tasks
 Problems in traditional ROBOTS

No sensing
Can not handle uncertainty
No interaction with humans
Reliance on perfect task information
Complete re-programming for new tasks
 Components Of ROBOT
• Power supply
• Custom features:
– e.g. sensors & transducers
• Arm or Manipulator
• End effectors
• Drive Mechanism
• Control
 Power sources
• Power supply provides and regulates the energy that is converted
to motion by the robot actuator, and it may be either electric,
pneumatic, or hydraulic.
•There are three basic types of power supplies:
– ELECTRIC
– HYDRAULIC
– PNEUMATIC
•Electricity is the most common source of power and is used
extensively with industrial robots.
•The second most common us pneumatic, and the least common is
hydraulic power.
•The power supply has a direct relation to the payload rating.
 Sensors
• Sensors, the robot would never know whether the
screw was inserted or if the robot dropped it. Sensors
are especially important for any robot that is to be
completely independent, because without a steady
stream of data about the robots surroundings, the
robot would be sure to fail.
 Cont.
• The following is a list of the various types of
SENSORS that will be covered in this section.
SENSORS USAGE
AUDITORY MICROWAVE,
SPEECH RECOGNITION
TACTILE/TOUCH PRESSURE,TEMPERATURE,
SENSORS HUMIDITY,TOUCH
VISUAL VIDEO CAMERAS
RANGE SENSORS
TASTE (UNDER STUDY)
OLFACTORY GAS SENSOR
 How the ROBOTS moves ?
• Link: A rigid piece of material connecting joints in a
robot.
• Joint: The device which allows relative motion
between two adjoining links in a robot.
– Linear joint
– Rotational joint
– Twisting joint
– Revolving joint
 Controller
• Provide necessary intelligence to control the
manipulator/mobile robot
• Process the sensory information and compute
the control commands for the actuators to
carry out specified tasks
 Actuators subsystem
• Actuators are like the "muscles" of a robot, the parts
which convert stored energy into movement to create
the physical movement of the robot, in most cases by
– Synchronous motor
– Stepper motor
– AC servo motor
– Brushless DC servo motor
– Brushed DC servo motor
 Manipulators and End Effectors
• Hands of the robots are referred to as
“manipulators”.
• Arms of the robots are referred to as “End-Effectors”
– Mechanical grippers: has two fingers to pick and place
– Vacuum gripers: uses vacuum griper to pick and place
– General purpose effectors: use fully humanoid hands
 Mobility
• Wheels
– Four wheeled balancing:
• most robots uses, greater efficiency, reduced parts
– Two wheeled balancing
– One wheeled balancing
– Spherical orb robots
– Six wheeled robots
• Tracks
– Made of hundreds of wheels
– Common for outdoor, military
– Difficulty in smooth floors, carpets
 Cont.
• Legs
– Dynamic problems
• Two legs: as robust as human
• Four legs/multi legs-animal like robots
• UAV(Unmanaged aerial vehicles)
 Architecture of ROBOTIC System

Bumper
Motor (Sensor)

LOGIC Infrared Detector

Actuators CONTROLLER (Sensor)

Bumper
Motor (Sensor)
 Construction
• Take the design and list the parts, tools and
equipment you need.
• Find a suitable place to make your robot, this will
ensure that you have all you need in one place.
– Forward, both wheels need to move at the same speed.
– Backward, both wheels need to move at the same speed as
well.
– To move left, left wheel moves reverse and the right wheel
moves forward
– To move right, right wheel move reverse and the left wheel
moves forward.
 Cont.
• Attach the wheel; 3" wheel is the best because it will
move the robot faster.
• Attach the motor; the program will calculate gearing
ratios, desired terrain, desired velocity and
acceleration, voltage, power consumption and
controllability.
• Attach the battery to the motor; NiMH is the
recommended battery for your motor.
• Finally, the cool circuit thingy. Buy one that is already
assembled, do not experiment on this one, you may do
it on your second robot. And test it.
 Applications Of ROBOTS
• Industry
• Military
• Security (bomb disposal)
• Research
• Surveillance
• Entertainment
 Industry
• Material handling
• Painting
• Assembly
• Welding
 Military
• Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-
controlled devices designed for military applications.
• Advantage:
“Machines don't get tired. They don't close their eyes. They
don't hide under trees when it rains and they don't talk to their
buddies ... A human's attention to detail on guard duty drops
dramatically in the first 30 minutes ... Machines

know no fear”
-Major Kenneth Rose of the US Army
 Security (bomb disposal)
• Bomb disposal robots make a dangerous job a little
less hazardous. They're designed to search for, locate
and neutralise explosive devices.
 Research-Biology
• Biologically Research – biology inspired
("biomimetic") autonomous underwater robots
based on the lobster and the lamprey (aneel-like
jawless vertebrate).
 Research-Space Mission
• Space-based robotic technology at NASA falls
within three specific mission areas:
– exploration robotics
– science payload maintenance
– on-orbit servicing
• Two important devices exist which are proven space
robots.
– Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)
– Remote Manipulator System (RMS).
• ROBONAUT
 Research-Medical
• Robotic surgery is the use
of robots in performing
surgery.
• They are used in various
medical practices
• They are also used to assist
patients in recovery and in
the performance of routine
tasks for patient care.
• They are used as the
wheelchair for disabled
patients.
 Entertainment
• An entertainment robot is, as the name indicates, a
robot that is not made for utilitarian use, as in
production or domestic services.
• But for the sole subjective pleasure -an emotion,
something machines, even the 'smartest' computers,
are not capable to have- of the human it serves,
usually the owner or his housemates, guests or clients
 Communication System

Connected operation
(remote execution on PC)

Disconnected
autonomous operation
(with optional networked
monitoring)

Distributed execution
(execution across
compute units)
 Man vs Robot
• What is hard for humans is easy for robots.
– Repetitive tasks.
– Continuous operation.
– Do complicated calculations.
– Refer to huge data bases.
• What is easy for a human is hard for robots.
– Reasoning.
– Adapting to new situations.
– Flexible to changing requirements.
– Integrating multiple sensors.
– Resolving conflicting data.
– Synthesizing unrelated information.
– Creativity.
 Merits
• Medicinal advancements
• Labor intensive activities are decreased
• Robots can go and do things that are unsafe for
humans (Example: bomb disarming robots,
space probes, etc..
• Quality of product increases
• Re-Program Equipment for Different Process
 Demerits
• Loss of jobs due to replacement by robots
• Initial investment is very high
• Requires more operating skill
• Certain military robots are pro-war.
 In Future
• Nanotechnology
– Nanomedicine is a branch of nanotechnology which
includes the construction, repair, monitoring and control of
the human body at the molecular level.
– Basically this technology will be comprised of tiny
nanomachines and programmable nanorobots which
will be able to operate on the human body with greater
precision than ever before imagined.
 Cont.
• Telesurgery
– The idea of robots performing open-heart surgery sounds
like science fiction but recently this idea has become a
reality.
“ THANKS !”

ANY QUIRES ?