Introductory project seminar on

NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE

STRENGTH
By
Y. V. Mohan Reddy (14R11A0182)
G. Sai Kumar (15R15A0109)
N. Dinesh (15R15A0101)
D. Vasantha Kumar (14R11A0155)

GUIDE
Dr. K. R. C. Reddy
On
1-02-2018

Department of Civil Engineering

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Cheeryal
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Conclusions on Literature Review
4. Outline of Proposed Project
References
 1.INTRODUCTION
Non Destructive Tests VS Destructive Test
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Literature on NDT Tests

• Helal et al (2015)

2.2. Literature on Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)

• Musmar and Alhadi (2008)
• Turgut et al (2006)

2.3. Literature on Rebound hammer (RH)

• Gehlot et al (2016)
• Roknuzzaman et al (2017)
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.4. Literature on combined method of UPV and RH

• Qasrawi (2000)
• Agunwamba and Adagba (2012)
 Literature Review

HELAL et al(2015)
• This paper reviews the most common methods of
non-destructive test of concrete structures.
• Factors
• Steps
Non- Destructive Testing Methods:
• Surface hardness methods
• Indentation methods
• Rebound methods
 Literature Review

• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method

• Principle
• Factors influencing wave path:
Literature Review

• Penetration resistance method.

• Pull out resistance method.
• Pull-off resistance method.
• Resonant frequency method.
• Maturity test method.
• Permeation test method.
• Impact- echo method.
• Corrosion of reinforcement method.

Mathematical models are best suitable for

predicting concrete strength than calibration
charts provided by manufactures.
 Literature Review

Musmar and Alhadi (2008)

To gave forth a mathematical relationship that relates

ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV) with standard concrete
cube crushing strength ( Fcu ).
• United Kingdom BS 1881: Part 203 1986
• USA ASTM C 597 1983
Experimental program:
• sample of the construction materials used in Jordan
• 135 cubes of 150mm
• B.S. 1881
• At 28days, cubes are tested along sides which have
been lying sideward during concreting.
 Literature Review

Different arrangement of transducers for UPV

• Results and Conclusions
Cement chemical analysis
Literature Review

Properties of limestone coarse aggregates

Cement physical characteristics

Literature Review

Experimental values of UPV, ( f cu ) and calculated values of ( f cu)

 Literature Review

Pundit velocity in Km/sec

• Non- linear relationship
• Regression coefficient=0.7

The dispersion of obtained results may be attributed to

the size and shape and distribution of gravel, in
addition to several other factors such as voids, micro
cracks, etc.
 Literature Review

Turgut et al (2006)
• To identify the comparative relationships of direct,
indirect, and semi-direct UPV measurements in
concrete from different batches and with different
compressive strengths.
Materials and Specimen preparation:
• Pc -42.5MPa
• 30*30*25 cm3 -18.8 to 79.9 Mpa.
• Moist curing
• Average path lengths are taken in 3 directions..
• 3 core blocks of 100mm in dia and 200mm in height
are obtained in casting direction and
• results obtained are converted to 15mm lengths.
 Literature Review

• Results and Conclusions

Compressive strength and unit weight of concrete specimens

UPV measurements on the concrete blocks.

Literature Review

Relationship between the direct UPV and the indirect UPV in the
concrete casting direction.
Literature Review

Relationship between the direct UPV and the semi-direct

UPV.
Literature Review

Relationship between the direct UPV and the indirect

UPV in the horizontal direction.
Literature Review

• In casting direction, direct UPV is 9% higher

than the indirect UPV.
• In horizontal direction, direct UPV is 4% higher
than the indirect UPV.
• direct UPV is 4% higher than semi-direct UPV.
• UPV in the horizontal direction is 5% higher
than the average indirect UPV in the concrete
casting direction
 Literature Review

Gehlot et al (2016)
• studied about the quality of concrete in existing
structures.
METHODLOGY
• 6 cubes of different strength are casted of size
150mm.
• Cubes are loaded to 7 Mpa according to IS 13311
part 2 and rebound values are taken at 10 points.
• Cubes are loaded to breaking load.
• Graphs are established, for testing existing
structures.
Literature Review

Impact Energy of Rebound Hammers (As per IS 13311 Part 2)

Rebound Hammer types, impact energy and grade of concrete

• Results and Conclusions

Dead load , Breaking load & fck ( Actual & Predicted ) of Various Samples
Literature Review

Rebound number of various samples

Literature Review

Calibration Graph for Rebound Hammer

LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review

fck (N/mm2) Predicted verse Depth of Column

The reduction in the rebound number with the

height of the column is ranging in between 8%
to 14%.
Literature Review

Rebound number of M20 and M25 Concrete Grade

• The maximum variation obtained for Rebound Value is 3.6%

Literature Review

Rebound number of various Beams with Quality fck & Remarks

The rebound no increased in the nearby region of

the reinforcement by around up to 10%.
Literature Review

Roknuzzaman et al (2017)
• It presents some models for correlation between
rebound hammer and compressive strengths of
bricks.

N-type rebound hammer Surface smoothening with abrasive stone

Literature Review

METHODOLOGY

• For each brick sample, total twenty rebound

number readings were taken, ten in
horizontal position of hammer and ten in
vertical (downward) position.

• ASTM C67- UTM

• least square parabola method

 Literature Review
Average Rebound number and compressive strength of sample bricks

Proposed models for correlation Proposed models for correlation between

between rebound number and rebound number and compressive strength
compressive strength (Horizontal (→) (Vertical (↓) hammer position.
hammer position
 Literature Review

Proposed model for horizontal Proposed model for vertical hammer

hammer position position
The correlations presented in this paper are recommended
for testing the conventional local bricks (240 𝑚𝑚 ×115
𝑚𝑚 × 70 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) manufactured in Bangladesh.
 Literature Review

Qasrawi(2000)
• to obtain a simple plot between rebound
number, ultrasonic pulse velocity through
concrete and the crushing strength of concrete.
Materials
• Ordinary, pozzolanic or sulfate resisting
portland cements.
• Aggregate of local natural sources or crushed
hard limestone.
• 150mm cubes were casted.
• ASTM C 805-RH
Literature Review

Quality of concrete as a function of the USPV

Literature Review

• Results and Conclusions

Relationship between rebound number and crushing cube strength.

Literature Review

Relationship between ultrasonic pulse velocity and crushing

cube strength
Literature Review

Relationship between rebound number and ultrasonic pulse

velocity.
 Literature Review

• The use of the combined methods produces results

that lie close to the true values when compared with
other methods.

Relationship between ultrasonic pulse velocity, rebound

number and crushing strength of concrete (combined
method).
Literature Review

Agunwamba and Adagba (2012)

• This work presents a study on the comparison
between some non-destructive testing
techniques (Rebound Hammer and Ultrasonic
Pulse Velocity).
Experimental Program
• 80 samples,150mm
• 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 ---w/c ratio of 0.45
• tested at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.
Literature Review

• Results and Conclusions

PSD for Sand.

Literature Review

PSD for Gravel.

Literature Review

Correlation Chart for Rebound Hammer Number for 1:2:4 mix.

Literature Review

Correlation Chart for UPV for 1:2:4 mix

Literature Review

Correlation Chart for Rebound Hammer Number for 1:3:6 mix.

Literature Review
Literature Review

Correlation Chart for UPV for 1:3:6 mix.

Literature Review

Strength against Age for 1:2:4 mix.

 Conclusions of literature review
From the above literature, it is noted that the non destructive
methods for testing the strength of concrete by UPV test is not
possible alone and it has to correlate by developing statistical
models between the results of UPV and Compression test
results from CTM. With the rebound Hammer, the surface
hardness is measured and it is also correlated with
compressive strength. Most of the literatures concluded that
strength obtained by various NDT instruments is not matching
each other. Hence the aim of the present study is to find the
compressive strength of concrete for some mixes with respect
to UPV, RH carbonation effect in comparison to CTM results.
 Outline of Proposed Project Work
The main objective of the project work is to find the strength
of concrete by non-destructive testing instruments for various
grades in comparison to the results of compression testing
machine. To achieve the objective of the project work the
study is taken up in the following stages.
1. In the first stage, it is decided to do the mix design for
M20, M25 concrete as per IS code.
2. In the second stage , testing the cubes by UPV test and RH
test and Compressive test on CTM according to IS codes.
3. In the third stage it is planned to prepare a
mathematical models using regression methods to
correlate the results obtained from the tests.
4. Finally a comparison of non destructive results to a
destructive result is obtained.
 References
i. Helal,J., sofi,M., Mendis,P. (2015,’Non-Destructive testing
of concrete – A review of Methods’, electronic journal of
structural engineering, Vol. 4, no.1.
ii. Musmar, M.A., Alhadhi, N.A., (2008), ‘ Relationship
between ultrasonic pulse Velocity and standard concrete
cube crushing strength’, Journal of engineering Structures,
v0l.36, no.1,pp.51-59.
iii. Turgut,P., kucuk, O.F., (2006), ‘Comparative relationships
of direct,indirect and semi-direct ultrasonic pulse velocity
measurements in concrete’, Russian journal of non-
destructive testing, vol.32, no.11, pp.745-751.
iv. Gehlot,T., Sankhla,S.S., Gupta, A., (2016), ‘Study of
concrete quality assessment of structural elements using
rebound hammer test’, American journal of engineering
research ( AJER), vol.5, Issue-8, pp.192-198.
v. Roknuzzaman, Md., Hossain. Md.B., MOSTAZID,
Md.I., Haque,Md,R., (2017), ‘Application of rebound
hammer method for estimating compressive strength of
bricks’, Journal of civil engineering research,Vol.78,
No.3, pp.99-104.
vi. Qasrawi, H.Y., (2000), ‘concrete strength by
combined nondestructive methods simply and
reliably predicted’, cement and concrete research
,vol.30, pp.739-746.
vii. Agunwamba, J.C., Adagba, T., (2012), ‘ A
comparative analysis of the rebound hammer and
ultrasonic pulse velocity in testing concrete’, Nigerian
journal of technology(NIJOTECH), vol.31, n0.1,
pp.31-39.