SPONGE

 Describe how each graph would be transformed:

1. y  2  sin x

 
2. y  cos x  
 2
3. y  2  sin( x   )
Recap: Phase shifts & Vertical
Shifts.

2
Amplitude

Period: 2π/b
Phase Shift: -c/b

Vertical Shift

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 A horizontal translation is considered a
“phase shift”.
The graph of y = A sin (bx – C) is obtained by horizontally shifting the graph
of y = A sin bx so that the starting point of the cycle is shifted from x = 0 to x
= - C/b. The number – C/b is called the phase shift.
y
amplitude = | A|
period = 2 /b. y = A sin bx
Amplitude: | A|
x

Starting point: x = -C/b

Period: 2/B

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 Examples 1 & 2
• A horizontal translation is considered a
“phase shift”. For every y = a sin (bx+c)
and y = a cos (bx+c), the phase shift is – c/b
units.
• y  tan(  45)

y  sin( 2x 180)
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 Example 3
Determine the amplitude, period,
and phase shift of y = 2sin(3x-)
Solution:
Amplitude = |A| = 2
period = 2/b = 2/3
phase shift = -C/b = /3 to the right
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#1 y = 2sin(3x-) vs. #2 y = 2sin 3(x-)
#1= -c/b #2 opposite “c”

7
 Copy each and complete.
State the amplitude, period, and phase shift of each function:
1.
y  4sin  4. 
y  4 sin
2
A = 4, period = 360°,
A = 4, period = 720°,
Phase shift = 0°
Phase shift = 0°
2. 5.

y 10tan 4 
y  3cos(  90)
A = NONE b/c it’s tan, period = 90°,
3.
Phase shift = 0°
A = 3, period = 360°,
Phase shift = 90 Right
y  2cos2 
A = 2, period = 180°,
Phase shift = 0°

 8
 30 min.
Quiz time!
• Quiz 1 will cover the following.
• Period, amplitude, phase shifts, vertical shifts
and graphing.
• Remember- 5 key points, intervals, and
characteristics.
• Good Luck1

9
 RECIPROCAL FUNCTIONS
• 3 Key facts to remember
• Cotangent is the reciprocal of Tangent.

• Sec is the reciprocal is the cosine function.

• Csc is the reciprocal of the sin function

Take Notes: Instructional Video

Key Facts: Graphing y = sec(x) and
y = csc(x)

• First graph y = cos(x) or y = sin(x)

• Then use the reciprocal identities.
• The secant and cosecant graphs can be
called “clip-it and flip-it” graphs
• Y = sec(x) and y = csc(x) do not have an
amplitude.
 RECAP: Secant is the reciprocal of cosine
Vertical asymptotes
where cos θ = 0
sec θ

θ
−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π
cos θ

One period: 2π

cos θ: Domain: (−∞, ∞) sec θ: Domain: θ except

Range: [−1, 1] where cos θ = 0)
Range: or (−∞, −1] U [1, ∞]
 RECAP: Cosecant is the reciprocal of sine
Vertical asymptotes
where sin θ = 0
csc θ

0 θ
−3π −2π −π π 2π 3π
sin θ

One period: 2π

sin θ: Domain: (−∞, ∞) csc θ: Domain: θ except

Range: [−1, 1] where sin θ = 0)
Range: (−∞, −1] U [1, ∞]
YOUR TURN! SKETCH BOTH SEC/CSC
 CHECK: Graph of the Cosecant Function
1
To graph y = csc x, use the identity csc x  .
sin x
At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cosecant function
is undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y y  csc x
Properties of y = csc x 4

1. domain : all real x

x  k k  
2. range: (–,–1]  [1, +)
x
3. period:     3 2 5

2 2 2 2
4. vertical asymptotes:
y  sin x
x  k k  
where sine is zero. 4
 Cotangent Function
cos 
Recall that cot   .
sin
Since sin θ is in the denominator, when sin θ = 0, cot θ is undefined.

This occurs @ π intervals, starting at 0: { … −π, 0, π, 2π, … }

Let’s create an x/y table from θ = 0 to θ = π (one π interval),

with 5 input angle values.

θ sin θ cos θ cot θ θ cot θ

0 0 1 Und ∞ 0 Und ∞
2 2
π/4 1 π/4 1
2 2

π/2 1 0 0 π/2 0

2 2
3π/4  −1 3π/4 −1
2 2

π 0 –1 Und−∞ π Und−∞
 Graph of Cotangent Function: Periodic
Vertical asymptotes
cot θ where sin θ = 0
cos 
cot  
sin

θ cot θ

0 ∞

π/4 1

−3π/2 -π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2

π/2 0

3π/4 −1

π −∞

cot θ: Domain (angle measures): θ ≠ πn

Range (ratio of sides): all real numbers (−∞, ∞)
cot θ is an odd function; it is symmetric wrt the origin.
  Domain, tan(−θ) = −tan(θ)
 Graph of the Cotangent Function
cos x
To graph y = cot x, use the identity cot x  .
sin x
At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cotangent function is
undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = cot x
y  cot x
1. Domain : all real x
x  k k  
2. Range: (–, +) x
3     3 2
3. Period:  
2

2 2 2
4. Vertical asymptotes:
x  k k  

vertical asymptotes x   x0 x  x  2

 Summary of Graph Characteristics
Def’n
Period Domain Range Even/Odd
∆ о
opp y −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 or
sin θ hyp r 2π (−∞, ∞) odd
[−1, 1]
1 r |csc θ| ≥ 1 or
csc θ .sinθ .y 2π θ ≠ πn odd
(−∞, −1] U [1, ∞)
adj x All Reals or
cos θ hyp r 2π (−∞, ∞) even
(−∞, ∞)
1 . r |sec θ| ≥ 1 or
sec θ sinθ y 2π θ ≠ π2 +πn even
(−∞, −1] U [1, ∞)
sinθ y All Reals or
tan θ cosθ x π θ ≠ π2 +πn odd
(−∞, ∞)
cosθ x All Reals or
cot θ .sinθ y π θ ≠ πn odd
(−∞, ∞)
 Transformations of sec/csc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0RM6F
eiD8k
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dN_wMt
Pjl5I