Mannerism

[1520 – 1580]
 Origin
End of high renaissance early mannerism(1510-20 in Florence )

perfection was achieved

( detailed knowledge of anatomy,
light, physiognomy and the way in which humans
register emotion in expression and gesture,
the innovative use of the human
form in figurative composition,
the use of the subtle gradation of tone,
all had reached near perfection)
 Need

• A number of the earliest Mannerist artists who had been working in Rome during
the 1520s fled the city after the Sack of Rome in 1527. As they spread out across
the continent in search of employment, their style was disseminated throughout
Italy and Northern Europe.
• Other parts of Northern Europe did not have the advantage of such direct contact
with Italian artists, but the Mannerist style made its presence felt through prints
and illustrated books. European rulers, among others, purchased Italian works,
while northern European artists continued to travel to Italy, helping to spread the
Mannerist style. Individual Italian artists working in the North gave birth to a
movement known as the Northern Mannerism.
1. The highest value was instead placed upon the apparently effortless solution of intricate artistic problems, such as the portrayal of the
nude in complex and artificial poses.

2. Mannerist artists evolved a style that is characterized by artificiality and artiness, by a thoroughly self-conscious
cultivation of elegance and technical facility, and by a sophisticated indulgence in the bizarre.

3. The figures in Mannerist works frequently have graceful but queerly elongated limbs, small heads, and

stylized facial features, while their poses seem difficult or contrived .

4. Mannerists sought a continuous refinement of form and concept, pushing exaggeration and contrast to
great limits.
strange and constricting spatial relationships, jarring juxtapositions of intense and
The results included

unnatural colours, an emphasis on abnormalities of scale, a sometimes totally irrational mix of

classical motifs and other visual references to the antique, and inventive and grotesque
pictorial fantasies
• The following is a list of works of painting,
sculpture and architecture by the Italian
Renaissance artist Michelangelo. Lost works are
included, but not commissions that Michelangelo
never made. Michelangelo also left many
drawings, sketches, and some works in poetry.

The Entombment
circa 1500–1501
Tempera on panel
162 cm × 150 cm (64 in × 59 in)
National Gallery, London
Doni Tondo
(The Holy Family)
circa 1503-1506[7]
Oil and tempera on panel
120 cm (47 ½ in) diameter
Uffizi, Florence
The Battle of Cascina
1504
Lost

An unfinished fresco that was to be painted in the Palazzo Vecchio in

Florence, in competition with Leonardo da Vinci's The Battle of Anghiari
 Mannerist architecture
An example of mannerist architecture is the Villa Farnese at
Caprarola. In the rugged country side outside of Rome. The
proliferation of engravers during the 16th century spread
Mannerist styles more quickly than any previous styles. A center
of Mannerist design was Antwerp during its 16th-century boom.
Through Antwerp, Renaissance and Mannerist styles were widely
introduced in England, Germany, and northern and eastern
Europe in general. Dense with ornament of "Roman" detailing,
the display doorway at Colditz Castle (illustration, left) exemplifies
this northern style, characteristically applied as an isolated "set
piece" against unpretentious vernacular walling.
The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house" at Colditz Castle, Saxony, designed by
Andreas Walther II (1584), is a clear example of the exuberance of "Antwerp
Mannerism".
Flemish/Polish mannerism. The
original building was built in
1298. The tower was added
between 1584-1596.[30]
Architecture of the building had
many influences - horizontal
attic embellished with volutes is
characteristic for Polish
mannerism, the elevated gables
and soaring windows are in
Flemish style and tower
decorated with corner
rustication is typical for similar
structures in Germany.
Flemish mannerism
(architect Abraham
van den
Blocke).[31] Built
for Johann
Speymann, a
wealthy grain
trader and mayor of
the city, and his
wife Judith Bahr.
The attic is
decorated with
sculptures
depicting Cleopatra,
Oedipus, Achilles
and Antigone by
Johann Vogt of
Rostock.
 Renaissance in the rest of Europe
In the 15th century, the Renaissance spread with great speed from its birthplace in Florence, first to the
rest of Italy, and soon to the rest of Europe. The invention of the printing press by German printer
Johannes Gutenberg allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. As it spread, its ideas diversified
and changed, being adapted to local culture. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance
into regional and national movements. This is the list of countries in which renaissance had spread far
wide.

• NORTHERN EUROPE

• RUSSIA

• ENGLAND

• SPAIN

• GERMANY

• HUNGARY

• NETHERLANDS

• POLAND

• PORTUGAL
Difference between Northern and
Italian renaissance

Creation of Adam
(an italian renaissance painting)
Arnolfin wedding
(an north renaissance painting )
 Italian renaissance Northern renaissance

• Focused more on the wealthy class • There was an emphasis on daily

(aristocracy) life--the lives of peasants.
• Attention to surface detail,
• Paintings were elaborate, detailed, and naturalism.
showed how wealthy and powerful
people were.
• Paintings focusing very minute
details of day to day life .
• Focused on religion--Roman
Catholicism. • Themes of a simple life of
• Paintings reflected themes of the peasants
Classical times.
• Some artists nearly mimicked the
forms of ancient Greek statues and
artwork.
 NORTHERN EUROPE

The Renaissance as it occurred in

Northern Europe has been termed the
"Northern Renaissance". While
Renaissance ideas were moving north
from Italy, there was a simultaneous
southward spread of some areas of
innovation, particularly in music. The
paintings of the Italian Renaissance
differed from those of the Northern
Renaissance. Italian Renaissance
artists were among the first to paint
secular scenes, breaking away from
the purely religious art of medieval
painters . It was The spread of the
technology of the German invention of
movable type printing boosted the
Renaissance, in Northern Europe as
elsewhere; with Venice becoming a Château de Chambord (1519–1547) is one of
world center of printing. the most famous examples of Renaissance
architecture.
Château de Chambord plan
 ENGLAND
• In England, the Elizabethan era
marked the beginning of the English
Renaissance.

The work of writers William

Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe,
Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More,
Francis Bacon, Sir Philip Sidney, John
Milton, as well as great artists,
architects (such as Inigo Jones who
introduced Italianate architecture to
England), and composers such as
Thomas Tallis, John Taverner, and
Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death (c.
William Byrd. 1562) reflects the social upheaval and terror
that followed the plague which devastated
medieval Europe.
 FRANCE
The word "Renaissance" is borrowed from the French language, where it means
"re-birth". It was first used and defined by French historian Jules Michelet(1798–
1874), in his 1855 work, Histoire de France (History of France). His work is at the
origin of the use of the French word "Renaissance" in other languages.
In 1495 the Italian Renaissance arrived in France, imported by King Charles
VIII after his invasion of Italy. A factor that promoted the spread of secularism
was the Church's inability to offer assistance against the Black Death. Francis
I imported Italian art and artists, including Leonardo da Vinci, and built ornate
palaces at great expense. Writers such as François Rabelais, Pierre de
Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay and Michel de Montaigne, painters such as Jean
Clouet and musicians such as Jean Mouton also borrowed from the spirit of the
Renaissance.
In 1533, a fourteen-year-old Caterina de' Medici (1519–1589), born in Florence to
Lorenzo II de' Medici and Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, married Henry,
second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude. Though she became famous and
infamous for her role in France's religious wars, she made a direct contribution in
bringing arts, sciences and music (including the origins of ballet) to the French
court from her native Florence.
 GERMANY
• In the second half of the 15th century, the spirit of the age spread
to Germany and the Low Countries, where the development of the
printing press (ca. 1450) and early Renaissance artists such as the
painters Jan van Eyck (1395–1441) and Hieronymus Bosch (1450–1516)
and the composers Johannes Ockeghem(1410–1497), Jacob
Obrecht (1457–1505) and Josquin des Prez (1455–1521), predated the
influence from Italy. In the early Protestant areas of the country
humanism became closely linked to the turmoil of the Protestant
Reformation, and the art and writing of the German
Renaissance frequently reflected this dispute.[79] However, the gothic
style and medieval scholastic philosophy remained exclusively until the
turn of the 16th century. Emperor Maximilian I ofHabsburg (Ruling 1493–
1519) was the first truly Renaissance monarch of the Holy Roman Empire,
later known as "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (Imperial
Diet of Cologne, 1512).
 NETHERLANDS

• Culture in the Netherlands at the end of the 15th century was

influenced by the Italian Renaissance, through trade
via Bruges which made Flanders wealthy. Its nobles
commissioned artists who became known across Europe. In
science, the anatomist Andreas Vesalius led the way;
in cartography, Gerardus Mercator's map assisted explorers
and navigators. In art, Dutch and Flemish Renaissance
painting went from the strange work of Hieronymus Bosch to
the everyday life of Pieter Brueghel the Elder.
 POLAND
• An early Italian humanist who came to Poland in the mid-15th century
was Filippo Buonaccorsi. Many Italian artists came to Poland with Bona
Sforza of Milan, when she married King Zygmunt I of Poland in 1518. This
was supported by temporarily strengthened monarchies in both areas, as
well as by newly established universities. The Polish Renaissance lasted
from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to
have been the Golden Age of Polish culture. Ruled by the Jagiellon
dynasty, the Kingdom of Poland (from 1569 known as the Polish-
Lithuanian Commonwealth) actively participated in the broad European
Renaissance. The multi-national Polish state experienced a substantial
period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars –
aside from conflicts in the sparsely populated eastern and southern
borderlands. The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country
(giving rise to the Polish Brethren), while living conditions improved, cities
grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population,
especially the nobility (szlachta) who gained dominance in the new
political system of Golden Liberty..