Conduction &

Convection
 Quiz 9 – 2014.01.27

A flat furnace wall is constructed with a 4.5-inch layer of refractory

brick (k = 0.080 Btu/ft·h·F) backed by a 9-inch layer of common
brick (k = 0.800 Btu/ft·h·F) and a 2-inch layer of silica foam (k =
0.032 Btu/ft·h·F). The temperature of the inner face of the wall is
1200F, and that of the outer face is 170F.
a. What is the temperature of the interface between the
refractory brick and the common brick?
b. What would be the temperature of the outer face if the silica
foam is placed between the two brick layers?

TIME IS UP!!!
 Outline
2. Conduction Heat Transfer
2.1. Series/Parallel Resistances
2.2. Geometric Considerations
3. Convection Heat Transfer
3.1. Heat Transfer Coefficient
3.2. Dimensionless Groups for HTC
Estimation
 Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
 Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
 Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
 Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Hollow Spheres

𝑄 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘
𝐴 𝑑𝑟

𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑄
න 2
𝑑𝑟 = −𝑘 න 𝑑𝑇
4𝜋𝑟

Integrating 1 1 4𝜋
− 𝑄=− (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
both sides: 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘
 Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Hollow Spheres

𝑄 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘
𝐴 𝑑𝑟

𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑄
න 2
𝑑𝑟 = −𝑘 න 𝑑𝑇
4𝜋𝑟

4𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
Rearranging: 𝑄=−
𝑘 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
 Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Hollow Spheres

Define a geometric mean area:

4𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑄=−
𝐴𝐺𝑀 = 4𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘 𝑟2 − 𝑟1

…and a geometric mean radius:

𝑟𝐺𝑀 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴𝐺𝑀
𝑟2 − 𝑟1
2
𝐴𝐺𝑀 = 4𝜋𝑟𝐺𝑀
*Final form
 Shell Balance
Plane Wall/Slab
 Shell Balance
Plane Wall/Slab
 Shell Balance
Plane Wall/Slab
 Shell Balance
Plane Wall/Slab
 Shell Balance
Cylinder
 Shell Balance
Sphere
 Heat Transfer Coefficient

Convection Heat Transfer

Where:
Q = heat flow rate
A = heat transfer area
h = heat transfer coefficient
Tw = temperature at solid wall
Tf = temperature at bulk fluid 𝑄 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑓
Useful 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑊
1 2
= 5.6783 2
Conversion: ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 °𝐹 𝑚 𝐾
 Heat Transfer Coefficient

Convection Heat Transfer

Where: 𝑄 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑓
Q = heat flow rate Driving force
A = heat transfer area
h = heat transfer coefficient 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑓
Tw = temperature at solid wall 𝑄=
1
Tf = temperature at bulk fluid
ℎ𝐴
Thermal
Resistance
Heat Transfer Coefficient
 Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine by
calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer coefficients
require the analysis of transfer mechanisms.

Mechanism Ratio Analysis

1. Heat, mass, and momentum transport are
described by differential equations of change.

Dv Navier-
e.g.   p   g   2 v
Dt Stokes Eq’n
 Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine by
calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer coefficients
require the analysis of transfer mechanisms.

Mechanism Ratio Analysis

2. However, these equations are complex and most
of the time difficult to solve/integrate.

Dv
  p   g   2 v 𝒗 = 𝒗 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 ? ?
Dt
 Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine by
calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer coefficients
require the analysis of transfer mechanisms.

Mechanism Ratio Analysis

3. But still, valuable information is described in
these equations, relating the different forces.

Pressure Forces
Inertial Dv
  p   g   2 v Viscous
Forces Dt Forces
 Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine by
calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer coefficients
require the analysis of transfer mechanisms.

Mechanism Ratio Analysis

4. In the Mechanism Ratio Analysis, solving the
equations of change is replaced by empiricism.

Inertial Pressure Viscous

= +
Forces Forces Forces
 Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine by
calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer coefficients
require the analysis of transfer mechanisms.

Mechanism Ratio Analysis

5. This is done by just taking Pressure Viscous
the ratio of the mechanisms Forces Forces
and making them into +
dimensionless groups. Inertial Inertial
Forces Forces
 Dimensionless Groups

Reynolds Number, Re – the ratio 𝐷𝑣𝜌 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑅𝑒 = =
of inertial to viscous forces. 𝜇 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠
Euler Number, Eu – the ratio of
pressure to inertial forces.
Pressure Viscous
𝑃 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 Forces Forces
𝐸𝑢 = 2 = +
𝜌𝑣 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 Inertial Inertial
Forces Forces
 Dimensionless Groups

Reynolds Number, Re – the ratio 𝐷𝑣𝜌

𝑅𝑒 =
of inertial to viscous forces. 𝜇
Euler Number, Eu – the ratio of 𝑃
𝐸𝑢 = 2
pressure to inertial forces. 𝜌𝑣

“If the phenomenon is so complex that negligible

knowledge can be gained from the investigation of
the differential equations, then empirical processes
are available for evolving dimensionless groupings
of the involved variables.” – Foust, 1980
 Dimensionless Groups
Useful dimensionless groups for Heat Transfer:

Dim. Group Ratio Equation

Prandtl, Pr molecular diffusivity of momentum / 𝑐𝑃 𝜇
molecular diffusivity of heat 𝑘
Nusselt, Nu heat convection / heat conduction ℎ𝐷
𝑘

cP = specific heat (J/kg-K)

μ = viscosity (Pa-s)
D = characteristic length (diameter) (m)
k = thermal conductivity (W/m-K)
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)
 Dimensionless Groups

Correlations for Heat Transfer Coefficients:

Dittus-Boelter Equation 𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 0.8 𝑃𝑟 𝑛
(for forced convection/ n = 0.4 when fluid is heated
turbulent, horizontal tubes) n = 0.3 when fluid is cooled

Sieder-Tate Equation 𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 0.8 𝑃𝑟1/3 𝜙𝑣

0.14
(for forced convection/ turbulent, 𝜇
Re > 10000 & 0.5 < Pr < 100) 𝜙𝑣 =
𝜇𝑤
 Dimensionless Groups

Exercise!
An organic liquid enters a 0.834-in. ID horizontal steel
tube, 3.5 ft long, at a rate of 5000 lb/hr. You are given
that the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and
viscosity of the liquid is 0.565 Btu/lb-°F, 0.0647 Btu/hr-
ft-°F, and 0.59 lb/ft-hr, respectively. All these properties
are assumed constant. If the liquid is being cooled,
determine the inside-tube heat transfer coefficient
using the Dittus-Boelter Equation.