Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared by:
Prof. Josefina V. Almeda
College Secretary
School of Statistics
University of the Philippines, Diliman
June 2010
2
Scope of Notes:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
3
Sampling
The process of choosing a sample of elements
from a total population of elements.
The process of selecting a subset of a
population of items for the purpose of making
inferences about the whole population.
• (Arao, Rosalina R. et. al, 2010)
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
4
Census vs Sample Survey
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
Reasons for using sample surveys5
rather than complete enumeration:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
6
Two Types of Sample Surveys:
1. Descriptive
The main objective of a descriptive sample survey is simply
to obtain certain information about large population groups
like number of men and women who have finished college.
2. Analytical
Comparisons are made between subgroups of the population
to find out if there are differences that exist among them and
to form or verify hypotheses about the reasons for these
differences.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
7
Examples of Sample Surveys
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
8
Role of Sampling in Survey Work:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
9
Role of Sampling in Survey Work:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
10
Roles of Sampling in Survey Work
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
11
Sampling vs Nonsampling Errors
Sampling Error
• can be attributed directly to the fact that not all
the population units are observed
Nonsampling Error
• attributable to other factors
Sources of Nonsampling Errors
. deterioration of frame
. measurement errors
. Errors in editing, coding, and tabulating results
. response bias
. data collector’s bias
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
12
Advantages of Sampling
1. Less expensive
The use of sampling in the conduct of a survey is less
expensive compared with a complete coverage of the
population like a census when absolute precision is not
necessary.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
13
Advantages of Sampling
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
14
Advantages of Sampling
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
15
Advantages of Sampling
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
16
Advantages of Sampling
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
17
Definitions of Terms:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
18
Definitions of Terms:
2. Target Population
- the population about which information is desired.
3. Sampled Population
- the population from which a sample is actually taken
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
19
Definitions of Terms:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
20
Definitions of Terms:
4. Sampling Units
- are nonoverlapping collections of elements from the
population that cover the entire population
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
21
Example of Elementary Unit
and Sampling Unit
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
22
Definitions of Terms:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
23
Definitions of Terms:
5. Sampling Frame
- is a list of sampling units
Example: If we specify the individual voter as the sampling unit, a
list of all registered voters may serve as a frame for a public
opinion poll.
Notes on the Frame:
a) The frame may not include all the elements in the population
because updating the list daily is impossible.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
24
Definitions of Terms:
Types of Frames:
1. list frame
2. area frame
3. telephone numbers for telephone surveys
Inadequacies of Frames:
1. missing elements or noncoverage
2. duplicate listings
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
25
Definitions of Terms:
6. Sample
- is a collection of sampling units drawn from a frame or
frames.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
27
Definitions of Terms:
7. Probability of Selection
- The probability of selection is the chance that each unit
in the population has of being included in the sample.
Probability values range from 0 to 1. Usually the
probability of selection is determined from the elements
of the sampling frame.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
28
2 Methods of Sampling
Probability Sampling
• procedure wherein every element of the population
is given a (known) nonzero chance of being
selected in the sample
Nonprobability Sampling
• procedure wherein not all the elements in the
population are given a chance of being included
in the sample
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
29
Types of Sampling Methods
Samples
Haphazard Systematic
Quota
Stratified
Convenience
Volunteer Cluster
Purposive
Simple Random
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
Example: Phoned-in calls
30
Methods of Nonprobability Sampling
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
31
Methods of Nonprobability Sampling
Purposive Sampling
sets out to make the sample agree with the population in
regard to certain characteristics
Quota Sampling
a specific number of particular types of elements are selected
Convenience Sampling
chooses units which come to hand or are convenient
Judgment Sampling
selects sample in accordance with an expert’s judgment
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
Cases Wherein 32
Nonprobability Sampling is Useful
Only few are willing to be interviewed
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
33
Methods of Probability Sampling
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
Probability vs. Non-Probability 34
Sampling
ISSUE: Which is “better”?
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
35
Methods of Probability Sampling
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
36
Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
Description of the Design
Random sampling is the process of selecting a sample of size (n)
giving each sampling unit an equal chance of being included in
the sample. An SRS of n observations of the population is a
sample that is chosen in such a way that each subset of n
observations of the population has the same chance of being
selected.
Random sampling may be with replacement (SRSWR) or
Without replacement (SRSWOR). In SRSWR, a chosen
element is always replaced before the next selection is made, so
that an element may be chosen more than once.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
37
Sample Selection Procedure
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
How To Use The Table of Random 38
Numbers:
The table of random numbers consists of the digits 0 through
9 generated by the computer using a random process and
recorded randomly in rows and columns. To use the table,
the researcher can start with any row and any column. We
list down the steps on how to use the Table of Random
Numbers:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
How To Use The Table of Random 39
Numbers:
4. Ignore the random numbers greater than N, ignore also
those that have already been selected.
5. If the random number of the first m columns have been
exhausted, continue reading the next m columns. Stop
when n elements have been chosen.
Numbers:
Starting with row 3, we then read down the table using
columns 5, 6, and 7. We get the following three-digit
numbers: 694, 016, 983, 940, 000, 848, 641, 176, 830, 374,
528, 092, 759, 036, 124, 214, 773, 129, 371, 438, 868, 003,
011, 670, 131
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
41
Examples of Simple Random Sampling:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
42
Examples of Simple Random Sampling
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
43
Advantages
• The theory involved is much easier to understand
than the theory behind other sampling designs.
• Estimation methods are simple and easy.
Disadvantages
• The sample chosen may be widely spread, thus
entailing high transportation costs.
• A population list, or frame, is needed.
• The sample chosen may not be truly typical of the
population if the population is heterogenous with
respect to the characteristic under study
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
44
Stratified Sampling
Description of the Design
There are cases wherein the population consists of items
which are heterogeneous with respect to the
characteristic under study. In such situations the
population should be divided, or stratified, into more or
less homogeneous subpopulations or strata before
sampling is done.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
45
Sample Selection Procedure
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
Stratified Sampling 46
However, there are other strata, which clearly have no bearing on the
problem.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
47
Advantages
Stratification may bring about a gain in
precision of the estimates of characteristics of
the population.
It allows for more comprehensive data analysis
since information is provided for each stratum.
It is administratively convenient.
Disadvantages
A listing of the population for each stratum is
needed.
The stratification of the population may require
additional prior information about the
population and its strata.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
(1-in-k) Systematic Sampling 48
Advantages
Disadvantage
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
51
Cluster Sampling
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
53
Advantages
Disadvantages
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
54
Multistage Sampling
Description of the Design
In multistage sampling the selection of the sample is
accomplished in two or more steps. The population
is first divided into a number of first-stage or
primary units, from which a sample is drawn.
Within the sampled first-stage units, a sample of
second-stage or secondary units is drawn. If desired,
one might add further stages, dividing the population
into a hierarchy of sampling units corresponding to
the different sampling stages.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
55
Example of Multi-stage Sampling
Primary Region
Secondary Province
Third-Stage Municipality/City
Fourth-Stage Barangay
Fifth-Stage Household
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
56
Advantages
Disadvantages
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
57
Sampling Design
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
58
Determining the sample size
Gay (1976) offers some minimum acceptable sizes
depending on the type of research:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
59
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
60
The Slovin’s Formula
•n = N
1 + N e2
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
61
Example
1. Find the sample size if the population size is
2500 at 95% accuracy.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
62
Ans: 169
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
63
Which Sampling Plan to Use?
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
64
Which Sampling Plan to Use?
Example:
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
65
Margin of Error
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
66
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
68
Workshop
Evaluate the Sampling Design of the Data
Quality Study. Discuss as a group the merits of
the selected sampling design. Suggest another
sampling design that you think is appropriate.
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
Exercises 69
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
71
Exercises
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
72
Exercises
Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research
August 24 - 28, 2009
STATISTICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER
J and S Building, 104 Kalayaan Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
Thank you.