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FLUID PROPERTIES
The engineering science of fluid mechanics: fluid properties,
the application of the basic laws of mechanics and
thermodynamics, and orderly experimentation.
The properties of density and viscosity play principal roles in
open- and closed-channel flow and in flow around immersed
objects.
Surface-tension effects are important in the formation of
droplets, in the flow of small jets, and in situations where
liquid-gas-solid or liquid-liquid-solid interfaces occur, as well
as in the formation of capillary waves.
The property of vapor pressure, which accounts for changes
of phase from liquid to gas, becomes important when reduced
pressures are encountered.
This chapter: liquid is defined and the International System of
Units (SI) of force, mass, length, and time units are discussed
before the discussion of properties and definition of terms is
taken up.
1.1 DEFINITION OF A FLUID
The energy loss in the sleeve in one rotation is the product of resisting
viscous (shear) force times displacement integrated over the period of
the motion. The period T is 2π/w, where w = dθ/dt. The sleeve force
depends upon the velocity. The force Fi and position xi are found for 2n
equal increments of the period. Then by the trapezoidal rule the work
done over the half period is found
Figure 1.5 lists the program, in which the variable RR represents the
crank radius r.
Figure 1.4 Notation for sleeve motion
Figure 1.5 BASIC program to determine loss in sleeve motion
1.4 CONTINUUM
From Eq.(1.6.7),