 Life arose more than 3.

5 billion
years ago
 First organisms (living things)
were single celled
 Organisms changed over time-
multicellular celled(evolved)
 Today there are millions of
species
 They inhabit almost every region
of Earth today
1.1

Greek word: Bio = life and Logy = study of

Biology is the specific study of life/living things

 Biology is a natural science concerned with
the study of life and living organisms,
including their structure, function, growth,
origin, evolution, distribution, and
taxonomy.

 Living organisms, and consequently the

study of biology, have to deal with abiotic as
well as biotic components of the world.
Biology incorporates all of the other
sciences.
1.2
Zoology
Microbiology Cytology Mycology

Parasitology
Biotechnology

Biochemistry
Ecology

Genetic
Histology Ethology
Botany

Physiology
Molecular
biology Biogeography
NO BRANCHES IN DEFINITION
BIOLOGY
1 HISTOLOGY The study of microscopic structure of tissue level
2 CYTOLOGY The study of cell structure and division
3 ECOLOGY The study of inter-relationships between plants, animals and
the environment
4 BIOTECHNOLOGY The study of application biology in productive industry
5 GENETIC The study of heredity and variation
6 ETHOLOGY The study of animal behavior
7 MICROBIOLOGY The study of microorganisms
8 MYCOLOGY The study of fungus
9 BOTANY The study of plants
10 ZOOLOGY The study of animal
11 PHYSIOLOGY The study of processes and activities within organisms
NO BRANCHES IN DEFINITION
BIOLOGY
12 VIROLOGY The study of viruses
13 TAXONOMY The study of naming and classification of living organisms
14 BIOGEOGRAPHY The study of geographical distribution of living things
15 MORPHOLOGY The study of structure and form of organism
16 ANATOMY The study of internal organization of organisms
17 BIOCHEMISTRY The study of chemistry of living things regarding changes
involved in metabolic processes
What Makes Living Matter “Living?”
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE/LIVING
THINGS
 In order to identify living organisms, scientists listed 9 characteristics
which all living organisms have:
(1) Organisms are composed of cells
(2) Organisms need respiration
(3) Organisms able to reproduce
(4) Organisms growth and develop
(5) Organisms respond to environment/stimuli
(6) Organism regulate their metabolic processes
(7) Population evolve and become adapted to the environment
(8) Movement and locomotion
(9) Excretion
 All organisms are composed of cells
 New cells are formed only by the division of previously existing
cells.
 Life begins with one cell that divides and differentiate
 Different cells have different function
 The cell theory was first described by Schleidan and Schwann in the
1800s.
 Unicellular organism are composed of single cell(protozoa,
paramesium)

 Multicellular organisms are composed of several number of

cells
 Living organism need the respiration
 Respiration is a chemical reactions that break down nutrient
molecules(food) in living cells to release energy.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
 Occurs in every living cells -> involved enzymes -> energy
released.
 Aerobic respiration (plants and animals)
 Anaerobic respiration (yeasts, some bacteria)
- alcoholic fermentation
- lactic acid fermentation
•Living organism able to reproduce
•All species have the ability to reproduce and pass
genetic information onto their offspring.
-Not essential to survival of individual but is essential
for continuation of a species.

• There have 2 types of reproduction:

(1)Sexual Reproduction-producing
offspring by the joining of sex cells
(1)Asexual Reproduction -producing
offspring without the use of gametes
 production of offspring due to the combination
of genetic material from two individuals (male
and female)
 (egg + sperm  fertilized egg  new organism)
 Zygote contains hereditary information from both
parents
 Hereditary information from
one, usually unicellular,
organism that divides
 = one organism divides to form
two organisms
 Resulting cells contain
identical hereditary
information
 Genetic information from
single parent
 (bacteria – binary fission ; yeast -
budding)

Asexual reproduction
 All living things grow and develop
 Growth occurs as the result from
increasing in size of individual cells or
in the number of cells or in both.
 Development is the process of change
that take place during an organism’s
life.
 Involves the change in shape and form
of an organism as it matures
 From the point of fertilization to death
organisms go through obvious changes
 All living things respond to environment/stimuli
 The ability to detect or sense changes in the environment and
to make responses
 Changes in environment such as fear, hunger, temperature,
light, gravity, chemical and so on.
 A response is often expressed by motion, for example, the
leaves of a plant turning toward the sun phototropism
 Responses of animals are more obvious
 Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical activities happen in
living organism.
 This chemical activities are essential to nutrition, the growth
and repair of cells, and the conversion of energy into usable
forms
 Happen continuously and regulated to maintain homeostasis in
order to balanced internal environment.
 It is a process that maintains the stability of the human body's
internal environment in response to changes in external
conditions.
 Example regulation of glucose concentration in human blood
 Living organisms have ability to evolve over many
generations and adapt to its environment in a changing
world.
 Adaptations are inherited characteristics that enhance an
organisms ability to survive in a particular environment.
 Example, thick fur coat of the polar bear-adaptation for
surviving in frigid temperatures.
 Adaptations may be structural, physiological, biochemical,
behavioral.
 All living things move in some way. This may be obvious, such as
animals that are able to walk, or less obvious, such as plants that
have parts that move to track the movement of the sun.
 Movement of animals are speedy and efficient- associated with
obtaining food, finding mates or escaping from predators.
 Most plants and some animals lead a generally stationery life –
involving only part of the organism
 The elimination of the unwanted products of metabolism and
of substances present in excess within the organism.

 Animals excrete nitrogenous waste products such as

ammonia, urea or uric acid.

 Excretion also involves eliminating any excess or toxic

substance taken in with the diet, including water and salts.