Ns. Setyoadi, S.Kep., M.Kep., Sp.Kep.Kom.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY,

PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH
Theory
 Theories are designed to make
sense of the world, to show how one
thing is related to another and how
together they make a pattern that can
predic tthe consequences of certain
clusters of characteristics or events.
 Concepts, the building blocks of
theory, are words that create mental
images or abstract representations of
phenomena of study. Concepts, or the
major ideas expressed by a theory, may
exist on acontinuum from empirical
(concrete) to abstract
 Propositions are statements about the
relationship between two or more concepts
 A proposition might be a statement such as:
Families as a whole influence the health of
individual family members.
 The word influence links the two concepts of
“families as a whole” and “health of
individual family members.”
 A conceptual model is a set of general
propositions that integrate concepts into
meaningful configurations or patterns
 Conceptual models in nursing are based on the
observations, insights, and deductions that
combine ideas from several fields of inquiry.
 Conceptual models provide a frame of reference
and a coherent way of thinking about nursing
phenomena.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FOUNDATIONS FOR THE NURSING OF FAMILIES
 Nurses in practice use theories, models, and
conceptual frameworks to help clients achieve the best
outcomes
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
AND APPLICATION TO FAMILIES
Family Systems Theory
The Family Systems Theory is an
approach that allows nurses to
understand and assess families as
an organized whole and/or as
individuals within family units who
form an interactive and
interdependent system
Concept
 1: all parts of the system are interconnected
 2: the whole is more than the sum of its
parts.
 3: all systems have some form of boundaries
or borders between the system and its
environment
 4: systems can be further organized into
subsystems
Developmental and Family
Life Cycle Theory
 Developmental Theory provides a framework for
nurses to understand normal family changes and
experiences over the members’ lifetimes
 Family developmental theory is similar to individual
developmental theories because the concept of
normative development is systematic, and patterned
changes can be applied to the family as a group.
 Early in the intellectual exploration of family science it
was believed that families, like individuals, are in
constant movement and changing throughout time—
the Family Life Cycle
CONCEPT 1: FAMILIES DEVELOP AND
CHANGE OVER TIME

 According to Family Developmental

Theory, family interactions among
family members change over time in
relation to structure, function (roles),
and processes. The stresses created by
these changes in family systems are
somewhat predictable for different
stages of family development.
CONCEPT 2: FAMILIES EXPERIENCE TRANSITIONS
FROM ONE STAGE TO ANOTHER
 Disequilibrium occurs in the family during
the transitional periods from one stage of
development to the next stage.
 When transitions occur, families experience
changes in kinship structures, family roles,
social roles, and interaction.
 Family stress is considered to be greatest at the
transition points as families adapt to achieve stability,
redefine their concept of family in light of the changes,
and realign relationships as a result of the changes
(Carter & McGoldrick, 2005).
 For example, marriage changes the status of all family
members, creates new relationships for family
members, and joins two different complex family
systems
Bioecological Systems Theory
 The Bioecological System is the combination of a
children’s biological disposition and environmental
forces coming together to shape the development of
human beings.
 Through Bronfenbrenner’s groundbreaking work in
“human ecology,” environments from the family to
larger economic/political structures have come to be
viewed as part of the life course from childhood
through adulthood.
The Family Cycle of Health
and Illness Model
 Families, as a whole, experience health events.
 When family members become ill, it triggers a stress
response in the family to adapt to the needs of the
individual and the family itself.
 The Family Cycle of Health and Illness Model
describes common family stressors, reactions, and
adaptations that families experience when members
become ill.
 Their model is based on the Family Health and Illness
Cycle
Family Assessment
and Intervention Model
 According to the Family Assessment and Intervention
Model, families are viewed as a dynamic, open system
in interaction with their environment.
 One of the roles for families is to help buffer its
members or protect the family as a whole, as well from
perceived threats to the family system
 Sekian
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