Energy storage and

utilization
Chapter 5
 ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) – the major source of
energy in cell metabolism. - chemical energy
converted from “electron energy”
The Function of ATP
1. transport work moving substances across cell
membranes.
2. used for mechanical work, supplying the energy
needed for muscle contraction.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
1. supplies energy not only to heart muscle (for
blood circulation) and skeletal muscle (such as
for gross body movement), but also to the
chromosomes and flagella to enable them to
carry out their many functions.
2. A major role of ATP is in chemical work,
supplying the needed energy to synthesize the
multi-thousands of types of macromolecules
that the cell needs to exist.
3. used as an on-off switch both to control
chemical reactions and to send messages.
 ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
Plants use the energy in ATP molecules to
move water, repair themselves, and grow.
Plants vital energy conversions:
1. Light energy Electron energy
2. Electron energy Chemical energy (ATP
3. Chemical energy (ATP) sugars Respiration - the
process in which nutrients are converted into
useful energy in a cell
 ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The entire process of trapping light energy
into the bonds of a sugar molecule. Two
processes involves:
1. Light-dependent Phase – solar energy is
trapped and used to excite electrons to
higher energy levels. These electrons are
then passed down an electron transport
chain, and the energy released is used to
make ATP.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 After the electrons have completed their
passage down the electron transport chain,
they are passed to a second photosystem
(known as photosystem I) and more light
energy is harvested.
 Once the electrons have been given this
energy, they are passed to molecule known
as NADP (that then becomes NADPH) and
held there ready to be used in the next
phase of photosynthesis.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 NAD - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - is
an important coenzyme found in cells. It
plays key roles as a carrier of electrons and a
participant in metabolic redox reactions, as
well as in cell signaling.
 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADP) - is the reduced form of
NAD.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 The main role of NADP in metabolism is the
transfer of electrons from one redox reaction
to another, which is very important in the
release of energy from nutrients.
 ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) - is the reduced
form of NADP. The NADPH oxidase complex
is a cluster of proteins that donate an
electron from NADPH to molecular oxygen
(O2) to produce superoxide (O2-).
 This initiates the respiratory burst, a key step
in immune defense against bacterial and
fungal pathogens.
 ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 The importance of this process to human health is
manifested in chronic granulomatous disease
(CGD), which refers to any of several hereditary
diseases in which certain oxidase proteins are
defective. An important role for NADPH oxidase in
phagocytes is bacterial killing, which occurs in
phagosomes.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 Chloroplasts – an organelle that converts
sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into
sugars in the process of photosynthesis.
 Photosystem II – embedded in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts, special solar
collectors composed of pigment molecules,
the major ones of which are chlorophyll a
and chlorophyll b.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 Photolysis (“splitting by light”) – a
process when the solar collector loses
two of its electrons, they are replaced
by electrons from an enzyme. The
enzyme recovers its electrons by
splitting a water molecule. Hydrogen
ions are formed and oxygen gas is given
off as a waste product. 2H2O 4H+ + 4e +
O2 or Photosystem I – second solar
collector.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
2. The Light-independent Phase – short-term
chemical and electron energy in the ATP
and NADPH molecules are converted into
long-term chemical energy in the covalent
bonds of sugar molecules.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 The electrons are moved away from
oxygen atoms and toward the carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
 This is a nonspontaneous reaction
requiring an input of energy that is then
stored for later use by the cell. - Light-
independent reactions of photosynthesis
or dark reaction of photosynthesis : CO2 +
2H2O CH2O + H2O + O2 -
 ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
Cellular Respiration - the most efficient way
for cells to harvest energy stored in food.
Respiration : C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 +H2O + Energy
glucose oxygen carbon water dioxide
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 Aerobic Respiration - A vast majority of
organisms break down sugar molecules all
the way to carbon dioxide and water. Three
major stages:
1. Glycolysis – glucose molecules (from
starch or sucrose) are broken down into
smaller 3-carbon units called pyruvate and
some of the energy released is trapped as
ATP and NADH. - Does not require oxygen.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
2. Krebs Cycle – the pieces of the glucose
molecule left after glycolysis are broken all
the way down to carbon dioxide. GTP (a
nucleotide similar to ATP), NADH, and
other high-energy molecules are formed.
GTP - Guanosine triphosphate.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 ATP Synthesis – NADH molecules formed in
glycolysis and Krebs cycle are converted back
to NAD molecules so that they be reused.
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 Anaerobic Respiration - Some organisms that
do not require oxygen to regenerate. -
Organisms depend on glycolysis to generate
ATP and on fermentation to regenerate NAD.
A byproduct of this reaction is ethanol.
Fermentation is a metabolic process that
converts sugar to acids, gases and/or
alcohol. Pyruvate + NADH Ethanol + CO2 +
NAD
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
 ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION
Respiration and Photosynthesis Compared
PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
1. Occurs only in the 1. Occurs in every living plant
chlorophyll-bearing cells of and animal cell.
plants.
2. Needs the presence of 2. Occurs at all times.
light.
3. Water and carbon dioxide 3. Water and carbon dioxide
are used. are given off as waste
products.
4. Oxygen is given off as a 4. Oxygen is used in the
waste product process
 ENERGY STORAGE AND UTILIZATION

Respiration and Photosynthesis Compared

PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
5. Food is built or synthesized.
5. Food is destroyed to release
its energy.
6. The weight of the plant is 6. The weight of the plant is
increased. decreased.
7. Energy is stored. 7. Energy is released.