6-Introduction To Construction Safty - PPT

Construction Safety
Department of Civil Engineering Notes Compiled By: Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan 1
(Narowal Campus), UET Lahore
• “No work is so important that
it needs to be done without due
consideration of safety”
2
Department of Civil Engineering Notes Compiled By: Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
What is Safety?
• Safety is the prevention from accidents.
• Safety is the control of recognized

hazards to attain an acceptable level of
Risk.
3
What are Accidents?
• An accident is an unfortunate mishap;

especially one causing damage or injury
• So, an incident becomes an accident in

the absence of appropriate safety
4
5
Effects of Accidents
• Injury (disability, pain, suffering)

• Damage (equipment, building)
• Loss (life, earning, output, time)
• Emotion (following injury, pain, death)
6
Effects of Accidents
• The overall cost of accidents in United
States is approximately $150 billion
annually.
• (Including: Lost Wages, Medical
Expenses, Insurance Administration,
Fire-related losses, Property damage,
Indirect costs )
7
THE THREE E’s OF SAFETY
Making design
ENGINEERING improvements to
processes
Ensure that employees

EDUCATION know how and why to
work safely.
Make sure that

ENFORCEMENT employees abide by
policies, rules and
regulations
8
Safety and Health Professionals
• An important member of the safety and health team is
the safety and health professional (Safety manager or
Safety engineer).
• Companies that are large enough sometimes employ a
safety and health manager at an appropriate level in
the corporate hierarchy.
• Duties include:
• Hazard analysis - Record keeping
• Accident reporting - Training
• Standards-compliance - Emergency Planning
9
Construction Safety Scenario
• International Labor Organization (ILO)

estimate of 60,000 fatal accidents at work
on construction sites (2008).
10
Construction Safety Scenario
• Also, according to ILO, some 600,000 lives would be saved
every year if available safety practices and appropriate
information were used:
• Every year, 250 million accidents occur causing absence from
work, the equivalent of 685,000 accidents every day, 475
every minute, 8 every second;
• Working children suffer 12 million occupational accidents and
an estimated12,000 of them are fatal;
• 3,000 people are killed by work every day, 2 every minute;
• Asbestos alone kills more than 100,000 workers every year.
11
Death Rates by Industry (US Statistics)
• When death rates are computed on the basis of the number of
deaths per 100,000 workers in a given year, the industry
categories rank as follows:
1. Mining and quarrying
2. Agriculture
3. Construction
4. Transportation/public utilities
5. Government
6. Manufacturing
7. Services
8. Trade
• The construction industry ranks third in workplace deaths, but

first in workplace injuries.
12
Why Construction is Dangerous?
• Construction sites are ever-changing

environments.
• Construction workers are constantly
faced with new situations that may be
potentially hazardous.
• Workers work with potentially dangerous
tools and equipment amidst a clutter of
building materials.
13
Staying safe is only being human . . . Take care
14
Construction Safety in Pakistan
15
Three Safety Non-Performance Practices at
Building Construction Work Sites
• The top three safety non-performance

practices at building construction work
sites are:
1. Ear defenders not worn (while using
noisy equipment)
2. Protective footwear not worn
3. Face masks not worn (in dusty
conditions)
16
17
Three Safety Non-Performance Practices at
Building Construction Work Sites
• Most of the safety non-performance issues belong to
self protection category.
• This shows that the site workers themselves are either
unaware of the importance of personnel safety
practices or they do not want to wear protective gears
and kits as they consider it as a hindrance in their
work productivity.
• Also, it was observed that the site management
seemed non-interested in emphasizing the need of
personnel safety practices among their workers.
18
Top 10 Safety Implementation Barriers in
Pakistan
1. Worker cooperation/ behavior
2. Perception that safety hinders productivity and/ or quality
3. Lack of owner/ top management commitment and support
4. Lack of safety awareness and knowledge
5. Lack of teamwork/ partnering approach towards safety
6. Lack of familiarity & expertise with safety management techniques
7. Absence of safety regulatory framework in the industry
8. Complicated safety work rules make the workers non-responsive
9. Lack of proper training of employees
10.Lack of accident liability
19
Construction Safety
A summary of various hazards and their
remedies
20
Fire Protection
• Fire Types
• Class A Fires: Ordinary combustibles such as wood and paper.
• Class B Fires: Flammable and combustible liquids and gases.
• Class C Fires: Energized electrical equipment.
• Class D Fires: Combustible metals.
21
Fire Protection
• Steps to take
• Extinguishers must be mounted and identified so they

are readily available.
• Only approved extinguishers can be used.
• Extinguishers must be fully charged.
• Extinguishers must be visually inspected monthly,
maintained annually, and tested periodically.
• Employees must be trained annually in the use of
extinguishers.
22
Fire Protection
• Common Extinguishing agents
• Water
• Carbon Dioxide
• Dry Chemical (Sodium Bicarbonate)
• Multipurpose Dry Chemical (Ammonium Phosphate)
• Halon (Haloalkane)
23
Fire Protection
• Note
• Extinguishing agents must be selected carefully. For

example, Water is effective on Class A fires, but may
spread class B fires.
24
Electrical Safety
• About 5 workers are electrocuted every week
• Causes 12% of young worker workplace deaths
• Takes very little electricity to cause harm
• Currents above 10 mA can paralyze or “freeze”
muscles.
• Currents more than 75 mA can cause a rapid,
ineffective heartbeat -- death will occur in a few
minutes unless a defibrillator is used
• 75 mA is not much current – a small power drill uses
30 times as much
25
Electrical Safety
Hazards
Protective Measures
• Inadequate wiring
• Proper grounding
• Exposed electrical parts
• Use GFCI’s (Ground Fault
• Wires with bad insulation
Circuit Interrupter)
• Ungrounded electrical
• Use fuses and circuit
systems and tools
breakers
• Overloaded circuits
• Guard live parts
• Damaged power tools and
• Lockout/Tagout
equipment
• Proper use of flexible
• Using the wrong PPE
cords
(Personal Protective
• Close electric panels
Equipment) and tools
• Training
• Overhead power lines
• All hazards are made
worse in wet conditions
26
Excavations
• The greatest risk in an excavation is a cave-in.
• Employees can be protected through sloping,
shielding, and shoring the excavation.
• A competent person is responsible to inspect the
excavation.
• Other excavation hazards include water
accumulation, oxygen deficiency, toxic fumes, falls,
and mobile equipment.
27
Excavations
28
Scaffolds
• An elevated, temporary work platform
• Three basic types:
• Supported scaffolds -- platforms supported by rigid,
load bearing members, such as poles, legs & frames
• Suspended scaffolds -- platforms suspended by ropes
or other non-rigid, overhead support
• Aerial Lifts -- such as “boom trucks”
29
Scaffolds
30
Different Types of Scaffolds
Suspended scaffolds
Supported scaffolds Aerial Lifts
31
Scaffolds
• Hazards
• Employees working on scaffolds are exposed to these
hazards:
• Falls from elevation – caused by slipping, unsafe
access, and the lack of fall protection
• Struck by falling tools / debris
• Electrocution – from overhead power lines
• Scaffold collapse - caused by instability or
overloading
32
Scaffolds
33
Scaffolds
Protective Measure
• Guardrails
• Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS)
• Hardhats
• Barricade area below
• Clear distance from electric cables
• Proper Scaffold design
34
Stairs and Ladders Safety
• a
35
Hazards
• Stairways and ladders

cause many injuries
and fatalities among
construction workers
• About half the injuries
are caused by slips,
trips and falls from
ladders and stairways
36
Stairs
• Install between 30
and 50 degrees.
• Must have uniform

riser height and
tread depth, with No more than 1/4 inch
variation in any stairway system
less than a 1/4-inch
variation.
37
Stairs
• As a rule of thumb, The riser must not be more than
8” and tread not less than 11”
38
Stair Rails
• Stairways with four or more risers or more than 30
inches high must have a stair rail along each
unprotected side or edge.
39
Stair-Rail Requirements
• Rails must be able to
withstand a force of
about 100 Kgs
• The height of stair-
rails must be 36
inches, measured
from the nose of the
stairs to the top of the
rail.
40
Ladder Angle
• Non-self-supporting
ladders:
• (which lean against a wall
or other support)
• Position at an angle
where the horizontal
distance from the top
support to the foot of the
ladder is 1/4 the working
length of the ladder
41
Ladder Rail Extension
When using a portable ladder for

access to an upper landing surface,
the side rails must extend at least 3
feet above the upper landing
surface
42
Cranes
Cranes is a broad class of construction equipments used for

lifting and placing loads. A crane uses one or more machines
like a hoist to produce mechanical advantage and thus move
loads beyond the normal capability of a human. They can be
used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally.
43
Cranes
Hoist - Used to lift and

lower load. JIB
Boom – An inclined spar,

strut, or other long
member supporting the
hoist HOIST
Jib – Extension attached to

the boom point to provide BOOM
added boom length for
Counter
lifting specified loads. Weight
44
Major Causes of Cranes accidents
• Contact with power lines

• Overturns and Falls
• Mechanical failures
45
Crane hazards
• Improper loading • Working too close to

• Excessive speeds power lines
• No hand signals • Shattered windows
• Inadequate inspection • No steps/guardrails
and maintenance walkways
• Unguarded swing • No boom angle
radius indicator
46
47
Thank You!
48

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Construction Safety

• Safety is the prevention from accidents.

• Safety is the control of recognized

• An accident is an unfortunate mishap;

• So, an incident becomes an accident in

• Injury (disability, pain, suffering)

Ensure that employees

Make sure that

• International Labor Organization (ILO)

• The construction industry ranks third in workplace deaths, but

• Construction sites are ever-changing

• The top three safety non-performance

• Extinguishers must be mounted and identified so they

• Extinguishing agents must be selected carefully. For

Supported scaffolds Aerial Lifts

• Stairways and ladders

• Must have uniform

When using a portable ladder for

Cranes is a broad class of construction equipments used for

Hoist - Used to lift and

Boom – An inclined spar,

Jib – Extension attached to

• Contact with power lines

• Improper loading • Working too close to

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