RTTC Pune presents..

PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTRONIC
EXCHANGES
16 February 2018
 Switching functions

The prime purpose of an exchange is to provide

a temporary path for simultaneous bi- directional
transmission of speech between

1) Sub lines connected to same exchange

(Local switching)
2) Sub lines and trunks to other exchange
(Outgoing trunk call)
3) Sub lines and trunks from other exchanges
(Incoming trunk calls)
4) Pairs of trunks towards other exchanges
(Transit S/W)
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 Implemented through the switching network

Local Exchange
Setup first three types of connections

Transit or Tandem Exchange

Setup only the fourth type of connections

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 Other functions
Signaling

Control

Charging and billing

Signaling - Exchange of information with the

external environment (Subscriber lines or other
exchanges)
Control - Processing the signaling information
and controlling the operation of signaling N/W

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 S P C
 Processor controls the functions (Programs)
of the exchange
 Programs & Exchange-dependent data are
stored in the memories
Exchange dependent data
1. Sub’s COS
2. Trunk’s COS
3. Translation tables
4. Routing information
5. Signaling characteristics
6. Charging information
16 February 2018 7. Call records
 Stored data is referred for each step of call
processing

 The memories are modifiable

 The control program can be rewritten

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Sub-systems of SPC exchange

1. Terminal equipment

2. Switching network

3. Switching processor

4. Switching peripherals

5. Signaling interfaces

6. Data Processing Peripherals

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Block Schematic of SPC Exchange

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 Terminal Equipment
Termination of
 Local lines
 Trunk lines

 Service circuits
For
 Detection
 Signaling

 Speech transmission

 Supervision of calls
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 Line Circuits
Supervising and battery feed to each Sub line
Trunk Circuits
Outgoing, incoming and transit calls for battery

feed and supervision

Service Circuits
Transmission and reception of decadic dial pulses

or MF signals

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 Switching Network

 Largest sub-system in terms of size of the eqpt

 Main functions
1.Switching
2.Transmission of speech and signals between
exchange terminations with reliable accuracy
 Types of electronic switching system
1.Space division Switching system
2.Time Division Switching system

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 Compatibility with Existing Network
Requirements of a switching network
1.High OFF resistance and low ON resistance.
2.Sufficient power handling capacity
3.Good frequency response (300-3400 Khz )
4.Bi-directional path
5.D.C. signaling path
6.Economy
7.Easy to control
8.Low power consumption
9.Immunity to extraneous noise, voltage surges
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 Replacement of electromechanical switching
network by fully electronic equipment
1.Only 3,5,6 and 7 can easily be met by electronic
devices
2.Electromechanical devices are immune to
extraneous noise, voltage surge etc
3.Ringing current (80 v P-P) can not be handled by
electronic switches
 To avail of the advantages of the electronic
exchanges
1.Time Division Switching systems
2.Space Division Switching Systems
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 Space Division switching System
Continuous physical path is set up
between input and output terminations
Path is separate for each connection
Paths are held for the entire duration of
the call
Paths are independent of each other

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 Time Division Switching System
 Same path for all connections
 Path is shared on time division sharing basis
 Path is not separate for each connection
 Path is shared sequentially for a fraction of a
time by different calls
 This process is repeated once in every 125 µsec
 The Time Division Switching is accomplished by
PCM signals
 The PCM switching is popularly called Digital
Switching
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 Switching Processor

 Special purpose real time computer

 Designed and optimized for dedicated

applications of processing telephone calls

 Performs real time functions

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16 February 2018
 Central Control (CC)

 High speed data processing unit

 Controls the operation of the switching N/W

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 Programme
Memory Store Translation Store Data Store
Transient data
Information required in
regarding lines processing the
(Category of calling telephone calls
Storage Call and called line, (digits dialed by
Processing routing code, the subscriber,
Programs charging information busy / idle states
etc) of lines and trunks
etc)
Type Semi- Semi-permanent Temporary
permanent
Information Information does not Information
does not changes during the changes
changes processing of the continuously with
during the call origination and
processing of termination of
16 February 2018 the call each call
 Switching Peripheral Equipment
 Interface between processor & components in
the telephone switching section

 Processor operates in microseconds

 Components in the telephone switching section

operates in milliseconds
 Function
1.speed buffer
2.Conversion of digital logic signals from the
processor to the appropriate electrical signals to
operate relays and cross-points
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 Scanner
Detects & informs CC all significant events /
signals on
 Terminal equipment for Local/Trunk lines

 Common equipment
1.DTMF
2.MFC digit receivers
3.Inter-exchange signaling senders / receivers

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 Marker
 Physically setup and release the paths through
the switching network under the control of CC

 To keep the memory information updated with

the switching network
1.A path is physically operated only when it has
been reserved in the central control memory

2.Paths are physically released before being

cleared in memory
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 Distributor
 Buffer between

1.High - speed - low - power CC

And
2.Slow-speed-high-power signaling terminal
circuits

 Operates or releases relays in trunks and

service circuits under the direction of central
control
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 Line Interface Circuits
 Interfaces between O/D network and the
exchange

1.Analogue Subscriber Line Interface

2.Transmission Interface

3.Signaling Interfaces

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 Analogue Subscriber Line Interface
BORSHT
B : Battery feed
O : Overload protection
R : Ringing
S : Supervision of loop status
H : Hybrid
T : Connection to test equipment

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 Transmission Interface
CODEC
 A/D and D/A converters transmission
interface between analogue trunks and
digital trunks

 Provided on a per-line and per-trunk basis

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 Signaling Interfaces
 To accommodate several different signaling
codes
Signaling
1. Decadic signaling
2. CAS
3. CCS#7

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Decadic signaling
CAS (Compelled sequence multi
frequency signaling)
1.Increased speed of call setup
2.Improved reliability of signaling
3.signal combination of 2 out of a group of say 5
or 6 frequencies
4.Signals directly associated with the inter-
exchange speech transmission circuit used for
that call

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 CCS#7 (Common channel signaling)
1. Signaling on a signaling link independent of
the inter-exchange speech circuits
2. Higher transmission rate
3. Exchange of much larger amount of
information
4. Faster call setup
5. Introduction of new services
6. Higher call completion rate

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 Data Processing Peripherals

 Used in operation and maintenance of exchange

1.Man - machine dialogue terminals
2.Special purpose peripheral equipment
3.High speed large capacity data storage
peripherals
4.Maintenance peripherals

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 Man - machine dialogue terminals
1. Tele-typewriter (TTY)
2. Visual Display Units (VDU)
3. Used to enter operator commands
4. Terminals may be local
5. Terminals may be remotely located
Special purpose peripheral equipment
1. For carrying out repeated functions where
speed is more important than flexibility
2. subscriber line testing
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 High speed large capacity data
storage peripherals
1. For loading software in the processor memory
2. Magnetic Tape Drives, magnetic Disc Unit
Maintenance peripherals
1. To indicate that automatic maintenance
procedure have failed and manual attention is
necessary
2. Alarm Annunciators and Special Consoles

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 Thank You
16 February 2018