VERTEBRATA

General Characteristics of Vertebrata

1. The Vertebrates are chordata with a segmented backbone or
vertebral column
2. A notocord present in a developmental stage, persists in
some of the lower forms, modified by a build up of cartilage,
which become segmented and forms the vertebral column
3. In the higher vertebrates column is made up of a series of
bones, and notocord disappears before the adult stage is
reached.
4. The body may be devided into a head and a trunk, usually
separated by a neck
5. In many species there is a posterior extension, the tail
6. Two pairs of lateral appendages are generally present
 General Characteristics of Vertebrata

7. The nerve cord is dorsal and extend anteriorly past the

notocord, where it enlarge into a brain
8. The coelom is a large
9. The Digestive canal is a more-or-less convolutes tube lying
within the coelom
10. The liver, pancreas and spleen are situated near the
digestive canal.
11. In anterior trunk region are the lung and heart
12. The kidney and gonads lie above the digestive canal
 General Organization of the Vertebrates
Infraphylum Superclass Class
I. Agnatha 1. Ostracodermi – extinct armored fishes
2. Cyclostomata – lamprey and hangfish
II. Gnathostoma (a) Pisces 3. Placodermi – extinct fishes with promitive jaws
4. Chondrichthyes – Shark, Ray and skates
5. Osteichthyes – bony fish
(b) Tetrapoda 6. Amphibia – frogs, toads , salamander
7. Reptilia – turtle, lizard and snake
8. Aves – birds
9. Mammalia – mice, whales and human beings
 CHONDRICHTHYES
(CARTILAGINOUS FISHES)

By :
Fitriyah, M.Si

Biology Department - Science and Technology Faculty - Islamic State University of Malang
Condrichthyes Characteristics
Condrichthyes Characteristics

1. Skeleton composed predominantly of Cartilage

2. Jaws
3. Paired fins
4. Paired nostrils

Granules of calcium carbonate on the outside of the cartilage add

strength. The mosaic granule pattern is unique to chondrichthyan
fishes. These fishes also lack a swim bladder found in most
bony fishes
 Subclass of Condrichthyes
Subclasses Subclasses

Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Chimaeras Selachii (Shark) and Batoids

Characteristics : Characteristics :
1. Fusion of the upper jaw to 1. Cylindrical or flattened
the cranium (the upper bodies
part of the skull that 2. Five to seven pairs of
encloses the brain), gill slits
2. One pair of external gill 3. An upper jaw not fused
openings, to the cranium
3. No scales. 4. Placoid scales
External Anatomy
 General External Anatomy
1. The body is spinlde-shaped and about 7,4 dm
long
2. There are two dorsal fin ad two pelvic fins
(which in the male possess cartilaginous
appendages known “Clasper”)
3. The tail (caudal fin) is heterocercal
4. The Grey skin covered with “Placoid scales”
5. Over the jaws the placoid scale are modified
into teeth
6. Each placoid scale is composed of a bony
basal plate
 The Body Shape

Sharks typically have a fusiform body (rounded and

tapered at both ends)
External Anatomy
Type of Caudal Fin
Type of Scale
 The Coloration of the Body

dorsal side is darker than the ventral side. The dark top of a countershaded
animal blends in with the dark ocean depths when viewed from above. The
light ventral side blends in with the lighter surface of the sea when viewed
from below. The result is that predators or prey do not see. The light ventral
surface of a countershaded shark blends in with the lighter surface of the
sea when viewed from below, camouflaging the shark from predators and
prey
The Fins
Internal Anatomy
 Skeletal System
The Skeleton is composses entirely of cartilage
And
There are two main sudivision of the skeleton : axial and
appendicular

The axial skeleton : vertebral column and skull

The highly developed skull is composed of acranium, two large
anterior nasal capsule and two posterior auditory capsule and the
visceral skeleton made up of the jaws, hyoid arch, and five branchial
arches supporting the gill region

The appendicular skeleton consist of the cartilages of the fins and

those of the pectoral and pelvic girdles that support them
Skeletal System Figure
 Digestive System
The Digestive System organs are:
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Pyloric valve
6. Intestine
7. Coloaca and cloaca opening
8. Rectal gland
9. Liver
10. Pancreas
11. Liver
12. Gallbladder
13. Spleen
 Digestive System

Some function of digestive organ:

1. Rectal Gland  secreted salt

2. Intestine (spiral form)  prevent too-rapid passage of
food, increase the surface area for increased
absorption
3. Gallbladder  stored the bill secretion
 Circulatory System

Ventral aorta  afferent branchial arteries  Oxigenated

in the capilaries of the gills  efferent branchial arteries
 Dorsal aorta  various part of the body
 The other important part in
Circulatory System
1. Sinus venosus  to carry the blood back into the heart
2. Hepatic portal system  transport the blood from
digestive canal, pancreas and spleen to the liver
3. Hepatic sinuses  return the blood from digestive canal,
pancreas and spleen to the liver to the sinus venosus
4. Renal portal system  conveys the blood from the
posterior part to the kidneys
5. Renal Veins  conveys the blood from the kidney
6. Posterior cardinal sinuses return the blood to the sinus
venosus
 Respiratory System

Respiration is carried on by mean of gills.

Water entering the mouth passes between the Branchial

Arches and out through the gill slits and spiracle,thus
bathing the gills and suppliying oxygen to the brancial
blood vesse;
 Nervous System and Sense Organ
The nervous System and sense organs are:
1. Olfactory lobes
2. Cerebrum
3. Optics lobes
4. Cerebellum
5. Medula oblongta
6. 11 pairs of Cranial nerve
7. Spinal cord
8. Olfactory sacs
9. Auditory Canal
10. Lateral line
11. Sensory hair cell
12. Sensory canal
 Urogenital System
The urogenita; organs are:

1. Two ribbonlike Kidney

2. Urinary duct
3. Urogenital sinus
4. Cloaca Opening
 The Sex and Reproduction System
The sexs is separated and during copulation the
spermatozoa are transferred to the ovidust of the female
with the aid of “Clasper”

The spermatozoa arrise in two tested and are carried by

the vasa efferentia to the convoluted vasa deferentia

The eggs of the femare arrise in the paired ovaries, which

are attached to the dorsal wall of the abdominal caity and
then to the ostium
Shell gland is the expanded anterior portion of each oviduc
Uterus is the expanded the posterior parts
The Discoveries of The New Condrichthyes
Species in Indonesia
(Found in Halmahera)

Hemiscyllium halmahera
Barakallah.........