Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SAWITRI
GOAL
Demonstrate ability to search, collect, organize and
interpret information/data from different sources in
order to assist in diagnostic, therapeutic and health
OBJECTIVE
• Differentiate proportion, ratio, rate, prevalence and incidence.
• Explain four types of incidence based on their denominators.
• Describe the source of numerators and denominators for
prevalence and incidence.
• Explain types of errors in rate calculation.
CONTENT
• Introduction
• Type of measurements
• More on Incidence and Prevalence
• Specific measurements
• Sumary
Introduction
Doctor and Patient
Diagnose
Tr e a t / t h e r a p y
Determine the prognosis
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patient-in-office-and-preparing-to-write-prescription.jpg
BEHAVIOR
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wp-content/uploads/2010/05/doctor-connecting-patient.jpg
Doctor and Community
Community
Family
Genetic
Behavior
Environment
Individual
Health Facilities
Development from healthy in to illness based on severity
of illness in the population setting
Total
Population
Illness
Seeking treatment
Hospitalized
Death
Natural History and Source of Data
Outcome:
Cure
Healthy
Control
Disability
Disease Symptoms Seek care Diagnosis Treatment
Onset Death
NUMERATOR
FSWs are classified mostly as direct (those who work in brothels and
street‐based sex workers) or indirect (such as women working in
karaoke bars or massage parlors). It is estimated that there are
95,000-157,000 direct sex workers and 85,000-107,000 indirect sex
workers as of 2009. In 2006, the figure was put at 221,000 women
working in the sex industry, serving an estimated 4 million clients per
year [Sex Work and HIV in Indonesia, 2011].
DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS BITEN BY DOGS PER SUB-
VILLAGES AT UNGASAN
NUMERATOR
n=
DENOMINATOR
Ratio
• Numerator and Denominator are
independent
• Example
– Dependency Ratio
– Sex Ratio
n=
Proportion
• Numerator is part of denominator
n=
Cumulative HIV Cases Per District
In Bali, 1987 - 2011
52
1059
78
138
301
213
81
2179
732
52
6% 1059
2% 15%
3% 78
2% 138
301Badung
4% 1% Bangli
Buleleng
Denpasar 213
81
Gianyar
22%
Jembrana
2179
Karangasem
732
Klungkung
Tabanan
45% Bali Provincial Health Dept,
Sept 2011
RATE
• A proportion when the denominator is a
population at risk
n=
population at risk!
MORE ON INCIDENCE
AND PREVALENCE
INCIDENCE
• Proportion of population that not having illness
previously and then become ill during the
certain period among observed at risk
population
• NEW CASES
• RISK OF BEING ILL
CONDITION
Numerator / Denominator, Constant, Period
1 2 5 4 3
Outcome:
Healthy Cure
Control
Disability
Disease Symptoms Seek care Diagnosis Treatment
Onset Death
• Period prevalen
– New and old cases at the beginning of
measurement added by new cases on the
whole period of measurement
BAGAN
Period prevalen
New Cases
Point prevalen
Cumulative Rabies Cases Per District
Bali, 2008 - 2011
Total Population:
3,891,428 persons
26 6
0
36
18
7
# of new cases 2012 = 5 2
1 in Denpasar
2 in Karangasem 8
2 in Badung
1
11
Prevalence at 2008-2011?
2
21
P = ID .
Discuss in your group!
Incidence Prevalence
Application:
Application:
- Etiology
- Manajemen
- Managemen
SUMARY
• 4 Types of Measurements
• Each measurement have:
• Characteristic
• Meaning/Interpretation
• Purpose
• Weakness/advantages
• Understanding measurements will help
doctor either as clinician or PH workers to do
their job properly