Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pencernaan
Cut Sidrah Nadira
Bag. Faal FK Unimal
• Mechanical digestion:
chewing (mouth)
churning (stomach)
Segmentation (small intestine)
• Propulsion:
Swallowing (oral pharynx)
Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine)
Mastikasi (mengunyah)
• Selama mengunyah:
– Pemecahan partikel makanan
– Produksi saliva
– Persepsi rasa makanan
4
Mechanical Breakdown
• Biting
• Chewing
• Grinding
• Emulsification
10
• Volume makanan berbanding lurus dengan
jumlah siklus mengunyah
• Makanan yang kering dan keras
membutuhkan siklus mengunyah yang lebih
banyak sebelum ditelan membutuhkan
waktu >> untuk produksi saliva yang adekuat
terbentuk bolus yang sesuai untuk ditelan.
Kontrol Neuromuskular
12
Refleks mengunyah
bolus makanan
(menyentuh/mene
kan permukaan
mulut)
refleks
mulut
inhibisi otot
mengatup
pengunyah
rebound mandibula
contraction turun
stretch reflex
otot
pengunyah
Central pattern generator
• Batang otak : mengatur ritmis gerakan/
aktivitas pembukaan dan penutupan rahang
• Central pattern generator aktivasi oleh
higher center & stimulus intra oral
• Stimulasi kortikal pola stereotipik rahang
membuka dan menutup
• proses normal mengunyah setiap siklus
bervariasi sesuai dengan kebutuhan
14
Peripheral feedback
17
SWALLOWING
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Upper
esophageal
Tongue sphincter
Esophagus
Adapted by:
Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.
Stomach
Main Functions
Storage
Preparing the chyme for digestion in the small
intestine
Absorption of water and lipid-soluble substances
(alcohol and drugs)
• Faktor yang mempengaruhi pengosongan
lambung:
– Jenis makanan (terutama lemak dan protein)
– Kerja otot lambung saat pengosongan
– Organ penerima isi lambung berikutnya (usus
halus)
Gastric motility
• Functions
1. allows the stomach to serve as reservoir
2. breaks food to small particles and mix it
with gastric juice
3. empties gastric contents at a controlled
rate
Gastric motility
• Reservoir part
fundus + 1/3 corpus
(tonic contraction)
• Antral pump
2/3 corpus + antrum & pylorus
(phasic contraction)
Mixing & emptying of gastric
contents
• Gastric contents may remain unmixed (1h)
• Fat takes longer time for empty than other
• Liquids are emptied easier and first
• Major mixing activities in the antrum
• Retropulsion
THE THREE REGIONS OF THE STOMACH :
FUNDUS, BODY, AND ATRIUM
Esophagus
Fundus
Body
(secretes mucus
Pepsinogen and HCI)
Duodenum
Antrium
(secretes mucus
Pyloric
Pepsinogen and gastrin)
sphincter Adapted by:
Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.
PERISTALTIC WAVES
CONTRIBUTE TO Esophagus
THE ANTRAL CONTENTS
Lower
Esophageal
sphincter
Duodenum
Pyloric
sphincter
• Segmentation
– Mixing mucous and enzyme
• Slow peristaltic contractions to encourage
absorption
• Local contractions (no CNS involvement)
• It takes appr. 5 hrs to digest & move chymus
from duodenum to ileum
Colon Motility
pattern of motility
- Haustration (slow segmentation)
- Mass movement (slow peristaltic; 3-4
times/day)
Defecation
Distension of rectum stimulates sigmoid colon and
smooth muscle of rectal wall relaxation of
internal sphincter muscle (outonomic nerve)
Defecation conducts when external sphincter
muscle is relaxed
Movement of the Colon
• Normally sluggish
• Two types
– Mixing movements (Haustrations)
• Haustrations = bulging of the large intestine into
baglike sacs as a result of circular and longitudinal
muscle contraction