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Cell
The Discovery of Cells
oCell: The basic unit of living organisms.
o Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Described
living cells by looking through a simple
microscope.
o Compound Microscope: has a series of
lenses that magnify an object in steps.
Used by Robert Hooke to study cork.
o All happened in 1660’s
Cell Theory
• Schleiden and Schwann concluded that all
plants and animals were made up
completely of cells
oNucleolus: An
organelle within
the nucleus that
produces
ribosomes.
The Nucleus
Ribosomes
• Produce proteins and enzymes
• Found in the cytoplasm and nucleus
• Like a small machine in a factory
• Site of Protein Synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Internal
membrane where
lipids, proteins
and other
materials are
assembled and
exported out of
the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 types of E.R
1. Rough ER: portion of the ER the
makes proteins- rough because
ribosomes on it
2. Smooth ER: portion of ER without
ribosomes on it.
-Contains enzymes
that perform tasks like
membrane synthesis and
detox. of drugs
Golgi Apparatus
• Organelle that
changes, sorts and
packages proteins
from ER
• Does this so they can be
stored or shipped out
of the cell
Lysosomes
• Diffusion of
water through
a selectively
permeable
membrane
How osmosis
works…..
Water wants to balance things out…
Types of Solutions
• Isotonic Solution: Concentration of solutes is
the same inside and outside the cell.
– No osmosis occurs (no concentration change)
– A dynamic equilibrium is occurring: molecules are
moving back and forth across membrane but there
is no concentration gradient created.
• Dynamic: Movement or change
• Equilibrium: An equality or balance
Types of Solutions
• Hypotonic Solution: The concentration of
solutes is less outside the cell than inside the
cell.
• Remember: we call the cell’s environment the
solution that it is in.
– Water moves by osmosis into the cell!
– The cell tends to swell and can burst!
Types of Solutions
• Hypertonic Solution: The concentration of
solutes is more outside the cell than inside the
cell.
• Osmosis causes water to flow out of the cell.
– Cells will shrink or shrivel for this reason.
Comparison of Hypo, Iso, and Hypertonic Solutions
Carrier
Channel
Passive Transport
• Passive Transport: the process of particles
moving through a membrane with no
assistance or energy from the cell or its parts.
– Water, lipids, and some lipid soluble substances can move
by passive transport.
• Also O, N, and CO2
– Molecules can move through channel proteins or through
membrane itself.
Facilitated Diffusion
• protein channels in the membrane
“help” molecules pass through
• Allow particular substances to
cross membrane
• No energy needed!
Active Transport
• Uses energy to move molecules from low to
high concentration.
• Proteins act as pumps to move molecules
• Moves substances AGAINST the
concentration gradient
• Molecules move the opposite way they would
naturally move due to diffusion
Types of Active
Transport
• Endocytosis: process of taking
material into the cell through pockets
in the membrane
• Exocytosis: when a large amount of
material is released from the cell
Types of Endocytosis
• Organisms made up of
many cells
• Cells must communicate
and cooperate
Multicellular organisms
• Cell specialization: cells develop in an
organism in different ways to perform
different tasks
– Ex. Red blood cells, pancreatic cells
Levels of
Organization
• Cells – Tissues --Organs ---Organ System
Cell Communication: What do cells have
to say to each other?