Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(continued)
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Divorce (continued)
Economic Effects:
• Most men commonly leave a marriage with far greater
earning power than women
– They are more likely to have had continuous work
histories
• Women usually retain custody of the children
• Divorced men generally increase their economic positions to
above average
• Divorced women are strongly adversely affected, with an
average decline in income to below average
• For many women, the financial effect never disappears,
unless they were above-average earners before divorce
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
(continued)
14 - 15
Divorce (continued)
• Effects on Life Pathways:
– It may lengthen the total number of years of child
rearing
– If the individual remarries, there may be a
reduction in the number of years that the
remarried couple has between the departure of
the last child and the time when their elderly
parents may need economic or physical assistance
(continued)
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 14 - 21
Parenthood (continued)
• The Transition Experience
– New parents may argue about child-rearing
philosophy as well as how, when, where, and by
whom child-care chores should be done
– Parents are usually also physically exhausted,
perhaps even seriously sleep-deprived, because
their newborn keeps them up for much of the night
– Some cultures have ritualized rites of passage that
help the new parents cope
(continued)
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Parenthood (continued)
Postpartum Depression
– a severe mood disturbance resulting in feelings of
sadness lasting a few weeks or, rarely, for a year or
more
– Between 10% and 25% of new mothers
experience a severe mood disturbance called
postpartum depression (PPD)
– The greatest predictor of PPD is depression during
pregnancy, but hormones also play a role
(continued)
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Parenthood (continued)
• Developmental Impact of Parenthood
– Positive behaviour changes, such as decreased risky
behaviours, often accompany parenthood
– The general pattern is that marital satisfaction is at its
peak before the birth of the first child, after which it drops
and remains at a lower level until the last child leaves
home
• Achieving a balance between work and family is an
important but elusive goal that affects satisfaction
• Pre-existing positive conflict-resolution strategies and
having both parents in the home are predictors for less
dissatisfaction after the child is born
(continued)
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 14 - 24
Marital Satisfaction over the Family Cycle
(continued)
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Social Networks (continued)
• Sex Differences in Relationship Styles
– Women have more close friends, and their
friendships are more intimate, with more self-
disclosure and more exchange of emotional support
(female friends talk to one another)
– Male friends are less likely to agree with each other
or to ask for or provide emotional support to one
another (male friends do things together)
– Kin-keeper: a family role, usually occupied by a
woman, which includes responsibility for
maintaining family and friendship relationships
– Women have a larger relationship role than men do
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 14 - 28
IV. THE ROLE OF WORKER
(continued)
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 14 - 30
Choosing an Occupation (continued)
• Gender
– More women than men are now enrolled in all the
major fields of study except for architecture/
engineering, mathematics/computer sciences, and
personal/protective/transportation services
– In 2007, women’s median full-time wages were roughly
75% of men’s
– Non-stereotypical job choices are much more common
among young people who see themselves as
androgynous, or whose parents have unconventional
occupations
• Personality
– People whose personalities match their jobs are also
more likely to be satisfied with their work
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Holland’s Personality Types and Work Preference
(continued)
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C. Gender Differences in Work Patterns
• It takes the average Canadian youth ~7 years to make the
transition from school to full-time work
• The transitional delay means that young men are
economically worse off in comparison to men of previous
generations
• Young women, especially those who have continued to
advance their education, are better off than young women
of earlier generations
• From a heterosexual couple’s standpoint, the woman’s
greater financial contribution compensates for the man’s
losses as most couples form a two-worker family
• Overall, it is advantageous to delay the transition into work,
provided that one pursues an advanced education and puts
off starting a family (continued)
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 14 - 35
Gender Differences in Work Patterns
(continued)