TOUCH SCREEN AND ZIGBEE BASED WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION ASSISTANT FOR DUMB AND

ILLITERATES IN AIRLINES

BY
STUDENT 1
STUDENT 2
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this project is to construct a user

friendly multi-language communication system for
illiterate/dumb people traveling by Airlines. As we have
different languages in our world and its impossible for us
to know all the languages.

In this project we are building a device that helps

them in expressing their needs with other language
people (Air hostess) i.e. request them if we need anything
in the flight like coffee, tea, drinks etc.
 Touch screen and Zigbee based wireless
communication assistant
For Dumb/Illiterates in Airlines
1. Transmitter Section
Regulated power supply

Zigbee
LCD Transmitter
LCD
driver

Touch Touch screen RS 232

Micro
Screen driver Interfacing
controller

Crystal Oscillator LED Indicators

Touch screen and Zigbee based wireless communication
assistant
For Dumb/Illiterates in Airlines
1. Receiver Section
Regulated power supply

Zigbee
Receiver LCD
LCD
Driver
RS 232
Interfacing
Micro Buzzer
controller Buzzer
Reset Button driver

Crystal oscillator LED Indicators

 MAJOR BLOCKS

 Regulated power supply

 Microcontrollers
 LCD with Driver
 Crystal Oscillator
 Touch Screen with Driver
 Zigbee modules.
 Reset
 LED Indicators
 Buzzer with driver
 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
 Every embedded system requires dc voltage and that that will
be 5v supply
 We are getting 230v, 50 Hz in our house hold applications.
We can be used to operate the home appliances like T.V,
cooler, fan, light’s
 Digital electronic devices need digital supply and we can
get supply from regulated power supply block

Step down
Bridge Capacitive Regulator +5V DC
230 v AC transformer
rectifier filter (7805)
(V-0-12 )
 TRANSFORMER

• Transformer is a electromagnetic device which

induces the voltage due to magnetic field
present between primary and secondary windings.

• It has two windings called as primary winding and

secondary winding. We are giving input 230v input
voltage at primary side. The output of transformer is
12v(ac only).

• We have two types of transformers

1) Step up transformer.
2) Step down transformer.
STEP UP TRANSFORMER STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

 This transformer will step up the  This type of transformers will step
voltage that is this transformer will down the voltage. That is this will convert
increase the voltage. high voltage in to low voltage.

 e.g.. V-0-12  e.g.. 0- 430

 RECTIFIER
Rectifier is circuit which converts the ac in to dc. We have two
types of rectifier.
1. Full wave rectifier
2. Half wave rectifier

Full wave rectifier again classified as follows

1. Bridge rectifier
2. Cetertapped full wave rectifier

• In this project we are using bridge rectifier because the

efficiency of the bridge rectifier is high compare to all
rectifiers.
 Filter
 The output of rectifier is not pure DC. It may contain some
ripple components that is pulsating DC. To eliminate this
ripple components which are present in output we are using
filter.

 Filter is a circuit which is used to eliminate the ripples present

in rectified output.

 We have many types of filters. Most of the power supplies are

using capacitor filter to filter out the ripples present in output.
 Regulator

 The output of filter is not constant output voltage it will varies

according to changes in input but we want constant output voltage. For
this purpose we are using voltage regulator.

 Regulator is defined as it is a device which will maintain constant

output irrespective of changes in input.

 The most popular regulator series is 78xx series. This series have more
advantages.

 We are using 7805 voltage regulator to maintain constant 5v output

voltage irrespective of changes in input voltage.
 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a

few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints.

Embedded system is classified into 3 categories:

1) Stand Alone Embedded System

2) Real-time embedded systems
3) Network communication embedded systems
 Stand Alone Embedded System

These systems takes the input in the form of

electrical signals from transducers or commands
from human beings such as pressing of a button
etc.., process them and produces desired output.
This entire process of taking input, processing it
and giving output is done in standalone mode.
Such embedded systems comes under stand alone
embedded systems

Eg: microwave oven, air conditioner etc..

 Real-time embedded systems

Embedded systems which are used to perform a specific task or

operation in a specific time period those systems are called as real-time
embedded systems. There are two types of real-time embedded systems.

1. Hard Real-time embedded systems

These embedded systems follow an absolute dead line time
period i.e.., if the tasking is not done in a particular time period then
there is a cause of damage to the entire equipment.

Eg: consider a system in which we have to open a valve within

30 milliseconds. If this valve is not opened in 30 ms this may cause
damage to the entire equipment. So in such cases we use embedded
systems for doing automatic operations.
 2. Soft Real Time embedded systems

These embedded systems follow a relative dead line time

period i.e.., if the task is not done in a particular time that will not
cause damage to the equipment.

Eg: Consider a TV remote control system

If the remote control takes a few milliseconds delay it will

not cause damage either to the TV or to the remote control. These
systems which will not cause damage when they are not operated
at considerable time period those systems comes under soft real-
time embedded systems.
 Network communication embedded systems

A wide range network interfacing communication is provided by

using embedded systems.

Eg:
Consider a web camera that is connected to the computer with
internet can be used to spread communication like sending pictures
images, videos etc.., to another computer with internet connection
throughout anywhere in the world.
 Microcontroller

o A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated

circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with
support functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers, watchdog
timer, serial and analog I/O etc.

o Microcontrollers are also used in scientific, high technology,

and aerospace projects.

o Microcontrollers are designed for small or dedicated

applications.
 Some microcontrollers may operate at clock rate
frequencies as low as 4 kHz, as this is adequate for
many typical applications, enabling low power
consumption (mill watts or microwatts)

 Microcontrollers are used in automatically

controlled products and devices, such as automobile
engine control systems, remote controls, office
machines, appliances, power tools, and toys.

 A microcontroller can be considered a self-

contained system with a processor, memory and
peripherals and can be used with an embedded
system.
Microcontrollers must provide real time response to events in the
embedded system they are controlling. When certain events
occur, an interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend
processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an
interrupt service routine (ISR, or "interrupt handler").

Embedded processors are usually used to control devices, they

sometimes need to accept input from the device they are
controlling.
 ABOUT PIC MICROCONTROLLER

 PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made

by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640
originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics
Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral
Interface Controller".

 A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the

low-end PICs to over 80 instructions for the high-end PICs.
The instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety of
operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a literal
constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as for
conditional execution, and program branching.
 PIC CONTROLLER

 PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources.

 Low power crystal
 Mid range crystal
 High range crystal
 RC oscillator (low cost).
 Programmable timers and on-chip ADC.
 Up to 12 independent interrupt sources.
 Powerful output pin control (25 mA (max.) current sourcing capability per
pin.)
 EPROM/OTP/ROM/Flash memory option.
 I/O port expansion capability.
 PIC 16F73A
192
RAM

Flash
Memory Type

7
Program Memory K Bytes

22
I/O Pins

28
Pin count

20
Max. CPU Speed MHz

2 - 8-bit & 1 - 16-bit

Timers :

Temperature Range -40 to 125

TRANSMITTER PINDIAGRAM
 18F452 PIN DIAGRAM
PIC 18F452 CHARACTERISTICS
Flash
Memory Type

32
Program Memory K Bytes

256
EEPROM Data Memory

1536
RAM

36
I/O Pins

40
Pin count

40
Max. CPU Speed MHz

Internal Oscillator 8 MHz

Temperature Range -40 to 125

ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER`

 Low cost

 User friendly

 Easily available in market

 We can reprogram it up to 1000 times

 Less power consumption

TOUCH SCREEN
 A touch screen is any monitor, based either on LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display) or CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) technology, which accepts
direct on screen input. The ability for direct onscreen input is
facilitated by an external (light pen) or an internal device (touch
overlay and controller) that relays the X, Y coordinates to the
computer.

 There are several basic types of touch screen sensors. Examples

include capacitive glass touch screen sensors, resistive touch
screens, and complete touch screen systems.

 Capacitive glass touch screen sensor: A capacitive glass touch

screen sensor is placed on a touch screen panel that is coated with
indium tin oxide. The panel conducts a continuous electrical current
across the sensor in order to detect changes in capacitance.
Resistive touch screen: A resistive touch screen panel is also
coated with a thin-film, but in order to produce an electrically
resistive layer. Each change in electrical resistance is marked
as a touch event and sent to a controller for processing.

Complete touch screen: A complete touch screen system allows

a user to operate a computer or terminal by touching the
display screen. A touch screen system consists of a touch
screen sensor array, a controller card, and a software driver.

In this project we are using 4 wire resistive touch screen

sensor. In general, resistive touch screens provide 75% clarity.
These are commonly available in market.
 Resistive touch screen sensor

☼ Resistive touch screens are composed of two flexible sheets

coated with a resistive material and separated by an air gap or
microdots. When contact is made to the surface of the touch
screen, the two sheets are pressed together, registering the
precise location of the touch.

☼ Touch screen sensors are used in many applications. Some

touch screen sensors are used in pen digitizers for signature
capture, smart phones, or personal digital assistants (PDAs).
Other touch screen sensors are used in ATMs or portable
game consoles. Specialized touch screen sensors can also be
used in information appliances.
Applications of Four-Wire Resistive Touch screen:

Home appliances

Portable sport devices

Access control terminals

Portable medical devices

 Zigbee

 ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level

communication protocols using small, low-power digital
radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless
personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless
headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio.

 The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is

intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs,
such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF)
applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and
secure networking.
 Zigbee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking
proprietary standard. The low cost allows the technology to be
widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring
applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with
smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high
reliability and larger range.

 ZigBee protocols are intended for use in embedded applications

requiring low data rates and low power consumption. ZigBee's
current focus is to define a general-purpose, inexpensive, self-
organizing mesh network that can be used for industrial control,
embedded sensing, medical data collection, smoke and intruder
warning, building automation, home automation, etc. The
resulting network will use very small amounts of power.
 Applications of Zigbee
 Home Automation

 ZigBee Smart Energy

 Commercial Building Automation

 Telecommunication Applications

 Personal, Home, and Hospital Care

 In Toys
GRAPHICAL LCD DISPLAY
 Graphical LCD

 Graphical LCD is used to display the messages & graphics.

 LCD modules can be split into two groups: those that have built-
in controller and driver chips, and those that have only driver
chips. LCD displays that do not have controllers are typically
used with powerful hardware, such as a laptop computer, where a
video controller is available to generate the complex drive signals
necessary to run the display. Most color and large (greater than
320x240) monochrome displays are of this type.

 We are using 16/2 graphical LCD to display the messages. Most

LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller
has 16 Pins (two pins are extra in both for back-light LED
connections)
Advantages of Graphic LCDs:

 Download high quality fonts of any size, style or language

easily and quickly

 Create graphics using primitives such as bitmaps, pixels,

lines, rectangles and bar graphs.

Software Control :

 Backlight & Contrast is adjustable in most model

 4 different brightness settings
 General Purpose Output (20mA drive)
 Line wrap and Auto screen scroll
 Bar Graphs and Large Digits
 LCD DISPLAY
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses
the light modulating properties of liquid crystals.

Liquid crystal display is very important device in embedded system. It offers high
flexibility to user as he can display the required data on it.

These are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors,

television, instrument panels, aircraft, cockpit displays, signage, etc
 PIN DESCRIPTION
Pin No. Name Description

Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)

Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply (+5V)

Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust

0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 4 RS
1 = Data input

0 = Write to LCD module

Pin no. 5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module

Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal

Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1

Pin no. 9 D2 Data bus line 2

Pin no. 10 D3 Data bus line 3

Pin no. 11 D4 Data bus line 4

Pin no. 12 D5 Data bus line 5

Pin no. 13 D6 Data bus line 6

Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

 RS 232
 RS-232 (Recommended Standard - 232) is
a telecommunications standard for binary
serial communications between two
DTE (data terminal equipments).

 RS-232 (serial ports), are now used almost exclusively for

dial-up modems, like mice, that used to use serial ports.

 RS232 standard is an asynchronous serial communication

method. i.e. Asynchronous tells us that the information is
not sent in predefined time slots.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RS 232 COMMUNICATION
1. Mode of operation : single ended
2. Total number of drivers : 1 driver and 1
receiver
3. Maximum cable length : 50 feet
4. Maximum data rate : 20 kbps
5. Maximum slew rate : 30 volts per
microsecond
6. Receiver input sensitivity : +3v to -3v
LIMITATIONS OF RS 232 COMMUNICATION

Limited cable length 15mts (50mts)

Less speed i.e., low data rate (256 kbps)
 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

 A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor

diode that radiates light (electro luminescence) when current
passes through it in the forward direction.

 Infrared LED to work in our remote controls, and get other

ones of different colors to make indicators or, in large arrays,
displays - even color ones.

 The color of the emitted light depends on the composition

and condition of the semi conducting material used, and can
be infrared, visible, or near-ultraviolet.
 OSCILLATOR

 An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit

that produces a repetitive Electronic signal, often a sine wave
or a square wave.

 PIC micro controller internally having 4mhz clock frequency.

 We are giving the 20Mhz clock frequency as an external

source for increasing the system performance
BUZZER

 A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be

mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic.

 A buzzer can be operated on two principles.

1. piezo electric buzzer, it generates sound because of the

piezoelectric effect.

2. magnetic buzzer is based on the electromagnetic principle. In

this project we are going to use magnetic buzzer.

characteristics of buzzer circuit :

1. sound level -------------------70-95 dB
2. current consumption---------35-60 ma
3. resonant frequency---------- 1-3 khz
 RESET BUTTON

 The reset button is a button that when clicked, will

clear all of the fields in the micro controller, and
executes the instructions from the starting address.

 A switch placed between the digital input and

ground will short the digital input to ground when it
is pressed. This means the voltage seen at the input
will be high when the switch is open and low when
the switch is closed.
 APPLICATIONS

 Very useful even for illiterates.

 Faster and secure data transmission.
 User friendly and easy to install.
 Helpful in abroad to express user’s needs.
 Deaf and dump people also can interact with others.