Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ELT
ESL EFL
ESP
•ESP English for specific purposes
Language-centered
Learning-centered
•ESP has paid little
attention to HOW people
learn, but the focus is on
WHAT people learn.
ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES by Tom
Hutchinson & Alan Waters
o Learner’s motivation
o Make learning faster & better
The Development of ESP
1. Register Analysis
Took place in 1960s and early 1970s
With the work of Swales & Stevens
Aim of this analysis To identify grammatical and lexical features of that
register
Teaching materials took linguistic features as syllabus
The aim produce a syllabus
give
High priority to language forms students meet in their study.
Rhetorical or Discourse Analysis
Took place in 1974
With the work of Widoson
Considers language patterns, but in relating language form to language use
and meaning
Studies how sentence are joined to form texts
Studies/considers why some grammatical forms and vocabulary choices are
favored by scientific and technical English
First Stage Second Stage
Focused on language at the sentence level Focused on language above the sentence
Grammatical – Lexical features How sentences are combined in discourse to
produce meaning
Target Situation Analysis
• Took place in 1978
• Known as Needs analysis
• With the work of John Mumby
• Did not add anything new to the knowledge about ESP
• Identify the situation in which learners will use language
ESP Course Design 1- Identify the target situation
2- Analyze the linguistic features of that
situation
1st Stage focus on the 3rd Stage did not add
anything new to ESP/only
surface of the language/at the considered the surface linguistic
sentence level/Register features of target situations