Professional Documents
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Probability
• Sometimes the ordered outcomes are needed, but in other cases the
simpler, unordered sample space is sufficient.
AB
MTH-3111 Dr. M. Has
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Sets (Cont.)
Intersection:
• The Intersection of events A and B, denoted
by A B (read “A and B”), is the event
consisting of all outcomes that are in both A
and B.
Complement:
• the complement of event A, denoted by A’, is
the set of all outcomes in the Sample Space
that are not contained in A.
MTH-3111 Dr. M. Has
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A
A B
MTH-3111 Dr. M. Has
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E’
E
E’
E’
MTH-3111 Dr. M. Has
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Sets (Cont.)
Mutually exclusive events:
• If two events, A and B have no outcomes in
common, they are said to be mutually
exclusive or disjoint events. This means that
if one of them occurs, the other cannot.
A B = Ø, [Ø = the empty set]
Example:
• Observing odd and even numbers by rolling
single dice.
MTH-3111 Dr. M. Has
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A
A B=Ø
Set Rules
• A Ø = Ø
• A Ø = A
• A A' = Ø
• A A' =S
• S' = Ø
• Ø' = S
• (A')' = A
Distributive laws:
• (A B) C = (A C) (B C)
• (A B) C = (A C) (B C)
• A B = B
• A B = B
MTH-3111 Dr. M. Has
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(A B)’ = A’ B’
A A
B B
A B (A B)’
MTH-3111 Dr. M. Has
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(A B)’ = A’ B’
A A
B B
(A B) (A B)’