Lymphatic

System
(Anatomical Approach)
 Introduction
– Components
• Lymph is the fluid
• Vessels – lymphatics
• Structures & organs
– Functions
• Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream
• Transport fats from the digestive tract to the
bloodstream
• Surveillance & defense
 Lymphatic Capillaries
24
-3Features of structure:
• Blind end
• Single layer of overlapping
endothelial cells
• More permeable than that of
blood capillary
• Absent from avascular
structures, brain, spinal cord
splenic pulp and bone marrow
 Lymphatic Capillaries – Lacteals
24
-4 • The small intestine contains special types of
lymphatic capillaries called lacteals.

• Lacteals pick up not only interstitial fluid,

but also dietary lipids and lipid-soluble
vitamins.

• The lymph of this area has a milky color

due to the lipid and is also called chyle.
 Features of Lymphatic Vessels
24 structure
 Three
-5 layered wall
but thinner than
vein,
 More numerous
valves than in vein
 Interposed by lymph
nodes at intervals
 Arranged in
superficial and deep
sets
 Lymphatics
– Originate as lymph capillaries
– Capillaries unite to form larger vessels
• Resemble veins in structure
• Connect to lymph nodes at various intervals
– Lymphatics ultimately deliver lymph into 2 main
channels
• Right lymphatic duct
– Drains right side of head & neck, right arm, right thorax
– Empties into the right subclavian vein
• Thoracic duct
– Drains the rest of the body
– Empties into the left subclavian vein
 LYMPH TRUNKS

 right and left jugular trunks

 right and left subclavian trunks
 right and left bronchomediastinal
trunks
 right and left lumbar trunks
 intestinal trunk
 LYMPHATIC DUCTS
24
Right
-8 lymphatic duct

 Formed by union of right

jugular, subclavian, and
bronchomediastinal trunks

 Ends by entering the right

venous angle
 LYMPHATIC DUCTS
Thoracic duct
• Begins in front of L1 as a
dilated sac, the cisterna
chyli,
• formed by left and right
lumbar trunks and
intestinal trunk
• Enter thoracic cavity &
ascends
• Travels upward, veering to
the left at the level of T5
 THORACIC DUCT…..
10

• At the root of the neck, it

turns laterally
• arches forwards and
descends to enter the left
venous angle
• before termination, it
receives the left jugular,
Subclavian and broncho-
mediastinal trunk
 DRAINAGE PATTERN
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT -
Receives lymph from right
half of head, neck, thorax
and right upper limb, right
lung, right side of heart, right
surface of liver
THORACIC DUCT - Drains
lymph from lower limbs,
pelvic cavity, abdominal
cavity, left side of thorax,
and left side of the head,
neck and left upper limb
Lymph Capillaries
Lymphatic Vessels
Main Channels of
Lymphatics
Major Lymphatic Vessels
of the Trunk
LYMPHATIC ORGANS
Primary organs
– Red bone marrow
– Thymus gland

Secondary organs
– Lymph nodes
– Lymph nodules
– Spleen
 Lymph Tissue
– 3 types
• Diffuse lymphatic tissue
– No capsule present
– Found in connective tissue of almost all organs
• Lymphatic nodules
– No capsule present
– Oval-shaped masses
– Found singly or in clusters
• Lymphatic organs
– Capsule present
– Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland
Lymph Nodules
 Lymph Nodes
– Oval structures located along lymphatics
– Enclosed by a fibrous capsule
– Cortex = outer portion
• Germinal centers produce lymphocytes
– Medulla = inner portion
• Medullary cords
– Lymph enters nodes through afferent
lymphatics, flows through sinuses, exits
through efferent lymhpatic
Lymph Node
 Tonsils
– Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules
– Location – mucous membrane of the oral and
pharyngeal cavities
– Palatine tonsils
• Posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynx
– Pharyngeal tonsil
• Posterior wall of nasopharynx
– Lingual tonsils
• Base of tongue
Tonsils
 Spleen
– Largest lymphatic organ
– Located between the stomach & diaphragm
– Structure is similar to a node
• Capsule present
• But no afferent vessels or sinuses
– Histology
• Red pulp contains all the components of circulating blood
• White pulp is similar to lymphatic nodules
– Functions
• Filters blood
• Stores blood
Spleen
 Thymus Gland
– Location – behind the sternum in the
mediastinum
– The capsule divides it into 2 lobes
– Development
• Infant – conspicuous
• Puberty – maximum size
• Maturity – decreases in size
– Function
• Differentiation and maturation of T cells
Thymus Gland
Function of the Lymphatic
System
– Defense against harmful organisms and chemicals
– 2 types of defense
• Nonspecific
• Specific
– Specific defense = immunity
• Humoral immunity involves B cells that become plasma cells
which produce antibodies that bind with specific antigens.
• Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that directly destroy
foreign cells
Derivation and Distribution
of Lymphocytes
 APPLIED
ANATOMY
LYMPHANGITIS
• Inflammation of the
lymph vessels

• Commonest cause bacteria

called streptococcus
pyogenes(most common).

• Lymph vessels appear as

red streaks through the
skin
FILARIASIS
 LYMPHEDEMA
• Occurs due to
accumulation of
lymphatic fluid in the
interstitial tissue

• Sometimes can be
appreciated after
wearing tight clothing
or jewellary on
affected limb
 LYMPHADENOPATHY

• Means a disease of
the lymph nodes

• Lymph nodes
become swollen/
enlarged and may be
painful to touch
 LYMPHOMAS
• Cancers
originating either
from the
lymphocytes in the
lymph nodes or the
lymphatic tissue in
organs

• Risk factors --
HIV, HEPATITIS,
 TONSILLITIS

• Infection of the
pharyngeal tonsils
• Tonsils are swollen,
• Fever and pain during
swallowing usually
present
• Treatment – surgical
removal of tonsils
(TONSILLECTOMY)
 SPLENOMEGALY

• Enlarged
Spleen
• Various causes