CHAPTER 10 (Page#633)

Single-Phase and Special-Purpose

Motors

10.1 THE UNIVERSAL MOTOR 634

10.3 STARTING SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 646

Split-Phase Windings 646

Capacitor-Start Motors 649

Permanent Split-Capacitor and Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Run Motors 650

10.1 THE UNIVERSAL MOTOR
Figure 10.2 Equivalent circuit of a universal motor.

Universal Motor
• Operated on both on single phase ac and dc [zero frequency].
• In construction it is exactly like dc series motor.
• It has high starting torque ( T  I2 ) and variable speed.
• They are run on load, without load the speed is very high.

Application
Vacuum cleaner, mixers, drill machines, sewing machines,
automobile starters to crank engine.

Construction
Armature, Field windings, carbon brushes, commutator.
FIGURE 10-2
Comparison of the torque-speed characteristic of a
universal motor when operating from ac and dc
power supplies
10.3 STARTING SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

• Not self starting.

• Single phase winding produces alternating flux along one

space axis only not revolving.

• Stator windings are similar to three phase except wound for

single phase.

• Rotor construction is similar to the squirrel cage motor rotor.

• Almost constant speed (like 3-phase induction motor)

How to make it self-starting

• Single phase stator winding is temporary (permanent )

converted into two phase for starting.

• Starting (or auxiliary) winding is placed in parallel (900 degree

electrical apart) with the stator (or main) windings.

• This produces phase difference between the two (Is(A) & Im)
currents, as a result revolving flux is produced.

• Centrifugal switch automatically disconnect the starting

windings at 70 to 80 % of the rated speed.
V
I IS Im

XS Xm
 Is
V

RS Rm Im
 I IS Im
XS Xm Xm.>>Xs
Starting windings
V OR Main windings
Auxiliary windings
RS Rm Rm<<Rs

V

Is Lags Voltage (V)
 Is Xm.>>Xs
Rm<<Rs
I
Im lags Is and Voltage (V)
Im
 Xm.>>Xs Hence Im lags Is and applied Voltage (V)
V

T
 Is
200%

I
Im Spee
80% d

Rm.<<Rs in other words voltage (V) leads Im and Is.

 angle between Im and Is and is called split or torque angle:
Motor starting torque is proportional to sin . In split phase
motor  is approximately 300.

 angle between the supply voltage (V) and the supply

current (I), and is called the power factor angle. Cos  is
called the power factor.
Note: Direction of rotor rotation can be reversed by reversing
the X
 I

Line Is Im

WAPDA Xs Xm
1-Phase
220 Volts
50 Hz Rs Rm

Centrifugal
switch
Neutral
Transformer
Secondary

Xm.>>Xs Hence Im lags Is and applied Voltage (V)

Rm.<<Rs in other words voltage (V) leads Im and Is.

Figure 10.14 (a) A
split-phase induction
motor. (b) The
currents in the motor
at starting conditions
 V
The direction of rotation

of the rotor can be Is Lags Voltage (V)
reversed by switching the  Is Xm.>>Xs
connections of the I
Rm<<Rs
Im lags Is and Voltage (V)
auxiliary winding while Im
leaving the main
winding's connections Torque is
unchanged. proportional to
angle between
Is and IM 
How phase difference ()
between IM and IS can be
increased to increase the
Torque?
 Capacitor-Start
Motors - 649

FIGURE 10- 17
T (a) A capacitor-start induction motor.
(b) Current .angles at starting in this
motor.
200%

Speed
80%
Permanent Split-Capacitor and Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Run
Motors 650
Permanent Split-Capacitor and Capacitor-Start,
Capacitor-Run Motors The starting capacitor does such a good
job of improving Ihe torque-speed characteristic of an induction
motor that an auxiliary winding with a smaller capacitor is
sometimes left pennanently in the molor circuit. If the capacitor's
value is chosen correctly, such a motor will have a perfect ly
unifonn rotating magnetic field at some specific load, and it will
behave just like a three-phase inducti on motor at that point. Such
a design is called a pennanent split-capacitor or capacitor-
Startand-run motor (Figure 10- 20). Pennane nt split-capacitor
motors are simpler than capacitor-start motors, since the starting
switch is not needed. At normal loads, Ihey are more effi cie nt
and have a higher power factor and a smoother torque than
ordinary single-phase induction motors.
Shaded-Pole Single Induction Motor
Self-starting due to its construction. Manufactured in rating of ¼
horse power. Rotor construction is similar to the cage motor.
Stator has even numbers of salient poles connected in series for
alternate polarity.
A shaded-pole induction motor is an induction motor with only a
main winding. Instead of having an auxiliary winding,

Shading pole

Main
A.C Field
Supply
N
Rotor
FIGURE 10-22
(a) A basic shaded-pole induction
motor. (b) The resulting torque-speed
characteristic.
 Operation principle of stepper motor:
There are many kind of stepper motors. Unipolar type, Bipolar type, Single-
phase type, Multi-phase type... Single-phase stepper motor is often used for
quartz watch. On this page, I will explain the operation principle of the 2-phase
unipolar PM type stepper motor.

In the PM type stepper motor, a permanent magnet is used for rotor and coils
are put on stator. The stepper motor model which has 4-poles is shown in the
figure on the left. In case of this motor, step angle of the rotor is 90 degrees.

As for four poles, the top and the bottom and either side are a
pair. coil, coil and coil, coil correspond respectively. For
example, coil and coil are put to the upper and lower pole. coil
and coil are rolled up for the direction of the pole to become opposite when
applying an electric current to the coil and applying an electric current to the
coil. It is similar about and, too.
The turn of the motor is controlled by the electric current which pours into , ,
and . The rotor rotational speed and the direction of the turn can be
controlled by this control.
Stepper Motors
 Unipolar Motors
This attracts the rotor into the
position shown. If the power
to winding 1 is removed and
winding 2 is energized, the
rotor will turn 30 degrees, or
one step.
To rotate the motor continuously,
we just apply power to the
two windings in sequence.
Assuming positive logic,
where a 1 means turning on
the current through a motor
winding, the following two
control sequences will spin
the motor illustrated in the
figure.
 Animation of Unipolar

Unipolar Half Step

Stepper Motors
 SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR
A four-phase 8/6 switched-reluctance motor is shown in
cross section. In order to produce continuous shaft
rotation, each of the four stator phases is energized and
then de-energized in succession at specific positions of the
rotor as illustrated.
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