Chapter 12:

Intermolecular Forces and

Liquids and Solids
I. States of Matter
a) Kinetic Energy vs. Attractive Forces
II. Intermolecular Forces (Attractive, van
der Waal Forces)
a) Dipole-Dipole--- (Polar Molecules)
i. Hydrogen Bonding
b) Dispersion (London) Forces--- (NonPolar
Molecules)
c) Attractive Forces Involving Ions
 Intermolecular Forces and
Liquids and Solids
III. Properties of Liquids
a) Viscosity
b) Meniscus Formation
c) Surface Tension
d) Capillary Action
IV. Phase Changes
a) Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
i. Normal boiling point
b) Phase Diagrams
 Intermolecular Forces and
Liquids and Solids
V. Crystalline Structure of Solids
a) Unit Cells (Simple Cubic, BCC, FCC)
i. Coordination Number
ii. # Lattice Points in a Unit Cell

VI. Radius vs. Unit Cell Edge Length,a

a) Density
VII. Types of Crystalline Solids
a) Ionic, Molecular, Covalent, and Metallic
Properties of Liquids

Part III
 Properties of Liquid

• Viscosity – Resistance to Flow

– Increase Intermolecular Force; Increase
Viscosity
– Increase Temperature; Decrease Intermolecular
Force; Decrease Viscosity
 Properties of Liquids

Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules

Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules

Adhesion

Cohesion

11.3
 Concave Meniscus of Water

Chemistry; The Science in Context; by Thomas R Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss, and Geoffrey
Davies, Norton Publisher, 2004, p 458
Surface Tension
1. Attraction of surface
molecules that cause the liquid
surface to contract and become
more spherical

2.Amount of energy required to

stretch or increase the surface
 Consequences of Surface
Tension

Chemistry; The Science in Context; by Thomas R Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss, and Geoffrey
Davies, Norton Publisher, 2004, p 457
 Consequences of Surface
Tension

Chemistry; The Science in Context; by Thomas R Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss, and Geoffrey
Davies, Norton Publisher, 2004, p 458
CapillaryAction ; Rise of Liquid up
a Very Small Diameter Glass Tube

Chemistry; The Science in Context;

by Thomas R Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss,
and Geoffrey Davies, Norton
Publisher, 2004, p 459
 Increasing Strength of
Intermolecular Force

• Higher Boiling and Melting Point

• Higher Surface Tension
• Higher Viscosity
• Lower Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
Phase Changes

Part IV
 Equilibrium Vapor Pressure

• Pressure exerted by gas vapor, in closed

container, at a given temperature.
 Before At
Evaporation Equilibrium

11.8
Why is the Boiling Point of Water Constant ?

Heat
 Phase Diagram
Increasing Pressure

Solid Liquid

Increasing Temperatu

Gas
Triple Point
Solid Liquid

Gas
Phase Diagram of Water

Liquid

Solid

Gas
Properties of Crystalline Solids

Part V
Simple Cubic Unit Cell
 Coordination #

# of Lattice Points Surrounding Each

Lattice Point
Simple Cubic Unit Cells
Unit Cell Type Coordinaton # # Lattice Pts In
Unit Cell

Simple Cubic 6 1

Body Centered 8 2
Cubic (BCC)

Face Centered 12 4
Cubic (FCC)
 Crystalline Solids Differ in …

1. Lattice Point Representation

2. Type of Force Holding Lattice Point
Together
 Crystalline Solids
Solid Type Composition Lattice Point Attractive Force

Ionic + & - ions Ion Electrostatic

Attraction
Molecular 2 or more Molecule Intermolecular
nonmetals Force
Covalent 2 or more Nonmetal Covalent Bond
nonmetals Atom
Metallic Metal atoms Metal Cation Metallic Bond
 Ionic Crystals

CsCl ZnS CaF2

Molecular Crystals (Ice)
 Covalent Crystals

Graphite

Diamond
Metallic Crystals
 Properties of Crystalline Solids
Solid Type High Melting Conduct Conduct
Pt? electricity as electricity
solid? dissolved in
water?
Ionic YES NO YES

Molecular NO NO NO

Covalent YES NO NO

Metallic YES YES N/A

 Crystalline Solids
Solid Type Composition Lattice Point Attractive Force

Ionic + & - ions Ion Ionic Bond

Molecular 2 or more Molecule Intermolecular

nonmetals Force
Covalent 2 or more Nonmetal Covalent Bond
nonmetals Atom
Metallic Metal atoms Metal Cation Metallic Bond