Functional English

• Course facilitator: Tariq lecturer school of English.

 the subject out line:

• Grammatical structure of the English language.

• General classification of the parts of the speech.
• All the tenses
• The passive voice
• Model verbs
• Have to had to.. To be to
• Shall.. Should
• Will would.. Need & dare
• Kinds of noun
• The article.. direct indirect
 ENGLISH GRAMMER
BACK BONE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Definition of Grammar

The definition of grammar is as

follows:
Grammar applies rules for
standard use of words and how
their component parts combine to
form sentences.
A grammar is
also a system for classifying and
analyzing the elements of
language including inflections,
functions, rules and relations in
the sentence.
ALPHABETS
WORDS
The group of alphabets
 THE SENTENCE
A GROUP OF WORDS THAT
MAKE COMPLETE SENSE

GROUP OF WORDS :-

The east in rises the

sun.

SENTENCE:-

The sun rises in the

east.
STRUCTURE OF A SENTENCE
THE SENTENCE
RULES :---

1. The first word of a sentence always begins with a capital letter.

2. A full stop (.) must be place at the end of a sentence.

THE PHRASE
The group of words that make
sense but not complete sense.

At ten o’clock ,
for two hours ,
in the west ,
in the east ,
by day ,
by night ,
at night ,
on a table.
The sentence has a

VERB
in it; but a phrase hasn’t.
The sentence has a

VERB
in it; but a phrase hasn’t.
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE:
I will be giving you a presentation.

PHRASE:
For an hour.
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE:
I will be giving you a presentation.

PHRASE:
For an hour.
VERB

HAS NO VERB
EXAMPLE
SENTENCE:
I will be giving you a presentation.

PHRASE:
For an hour.
VERB

HAS NO VERB
VERB

A verb is a word which says something about a subject.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
 KINDS OF SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT DECLARES

SOMETHING.
 KINDS OF SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT DECLARES EXAMPLE:>>

SOMETHING. 1. The boys were swimming in the
river.
2. The sun rises in the east.
 KINDS OF SENTENCES

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A

QUESTION.
 KINDS OF SENTENCES

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A EXAMPLE:>>

QUESTION. 1. Who has broken the glass?
2. Where is the aero plane?
 KINDS OF SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES

A COMMAND, A REQUEST OR
A DESIRE.
 KINDS OF SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES EXAMPLE:>>

A COMMAND, A REQUEST OR 1. Peter, shut the door.
A DESIRE. 2. Please bring me a glass of water.
3. I wish to play chess.
 KINDS OF SENTENCES

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS

SOME STRONG OR SUDDEN
FEELING.
 KINDS OF SENTENCES

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS EXAMPLE:>>

SOME STRONG OR SUDDEN 1. How beautiful this rose is!
FEELING. 2. What a noise they are making!
PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

THE PERSON OR THING WE SPEAK ABOUT.

PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

WHAT IS SAID ABOUT THE

SUBJECT.
PARTS OF A SENTENCE
SUBJECT PREDICATE

The cow is grazing in the field.

we are talking about

cow
PARTS OF A SENTENCE
SUBJECT PREDICATE

The cow is grazing in the field.

we say about cow

that it is grazing in
the field.
PARTS OF SPEECH
THE PARTS OF SPEECH

Every name is called a NOUN,

As field and fountain, street and town

In place of noun the PRONOUN stands

As he and she can clap their hands

The ADJECTIVE describes a thing,

As magic wand and bridal ring

The VERB means action, something done -

To read, to write, to jump, to run

How things are done, the ADVERBS tell,

As quickly, slowly, badly, well

The PREPOSITION shows relation,

As in the street, or at the station

CONJUNCTIONS join, in many ways,

Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase
EXAMPLE
TENSES
TYPES OF TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE FUTURE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PRFECT
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE & PERFECT TENSES

SIMPLE TENSES

Simple present Bill walks his dog.

Simple Past Bill walked his dog.
Simple future Bill will walk his dog.

PERFECT TENSES

Present Perfect Bill has walked his dog.

Past Perfect Bill had walked his dog.
Future Perfect Bill will have walked his dog.
CONTINUOUS TENSES

CONTINUOUS TENSES

Present Continuous Tense Bill is walking his dog.

Past Continuous Tense Bill was walking his dog.
Future Continuous Tense Bill will be walking his dog.

PERFCT CONTINUOUS

Present Perfect Continuous

Tense Bill has been walking his
dog.
Past Perfect Continuous
Tense Bill had been walking his
dog.
Future Perfect Continuous
Tense Bill will have been walking
his dog.
ACTIVE VOICE
Active voice

In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject

performs the action denoted by the verb.
These examples show that the subject is doing the verb
action.
PASSIVE VOICE
One can change the normal word order of many active
sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is
no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the
verb - or passive.
Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship
has changed.
 ACTIVE TO PASSIVE

1. Move the active sentence's direct object into the

sentence's subject slot

2. Place the active sentence's subject into a phrase beginning with the
preposition by
 ACTIVE TO PASSIVE

3. Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change
the main verb's form
PASSIVE TO ACTIVE

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice

sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.
1. Move the passive sentence's subject into the
active sentence's direct object slot

2. Remove the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main
verb's form if needed
PASSIVE TO ACTIVE

• 3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition

by into the subject slot.
NARRATION

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct

speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks
("...") and should be word for word.

For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
NARRATION

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),

doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person
said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is

because when we use reported speech, we are usually
talking about a time in the past (because obviously the
person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs
therefore usually have to be in the past too.
NARRATION
For example:
NARRATION
Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a
tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):
Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

She said, "It's cold." She said it was cold.

Present continuous Past continuous

She said, "I'm teaching She said she was teaching English
English online." online.
NARRATION
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple

She said, "I've been on the She said she had been on
web since 1999." the web since 1999.

Present perfect Past perfect continuous

continuous
She said she had been
She said, "I've been teaching teaching English for seven
English for seven years.“ years.
NARRATION

Past simple Past perfect

She said, "I taught online She said she had taught
yesterday." online yesterday.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, "I was teaching She said she had been
earlier." teaching earlier.
NARRATION
Past perfect Past perfect

She said, "The lesson had NO CHANGE - She said the

already started when he lesson had already started
arrived. " when he arrived.

Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, "I'd already been NO CHANGE - She said

teaching for five minutes." she'd already been teaching
for five minutes.
NARRATION
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech Indirect speech

will would
She said, "I'll teach She said she would teach
English online tomorrow." English online tomorrow.

can could
She said, "I can teach She said she could teach
English online." English online.
NARRATION

must had to

She said, "I must have a She said she had to have
computer to teach English a computer to teach English
online." online.

may might
She said, "May I open a She asked if she might open
new browser? " a new browser.
NARRATION

Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might

and ought to.
Direct speech Indirect speech

"I might go to the cinema", He said he might go to the

he said. cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you

want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has
always been and will always be Lynne so:-
 NARRATION

Direct speech Indirect speech

"My name is Lynne", She said her name was

she said. Lynne.
or She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a
future event.
Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)

"Next week's lesson is on She said next week's lesson

reported speech ", she said. is on reported speech.
NARRATION

• Time change
• If the reported sentence contains an expression of time,
you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
• For example we need to change words like here and
yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and
place of reporting.

Today + 24 hours - Indirect speech

"Today's lesson is on She said yesterday's lesson
presentations." was on presentations.
NARRATION

Expressions of time if reported on a different day

this (evening) › that (evening)

today › yesterday ...
these (days) › those (days)
now › then
(a week) ago › (a week) before
last weekend › the previous weekend
here › there
next (week) › the following (week)
tomorrow › the next/following day
• Reporting Verb. Reporting Speech.
• Direct . He said, “ I will leave now.”
• Indirect. He said, that he would them then.
• Direct. He said, “ I will come here”
• Indirect He said, that he would go there.
• Direct. He said, “ I have seen this man.”
• Indirect. He said, that he had seen that man.
• .
Direct. He said, ” we arrived yesterday’
Indirect. He said, that they had arrived day before.
Direct. He said, “ I saw this man long ago.”
• Indirect. He said, that he had seen that man long before.
NARRATION
Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in
indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and
asked.
These include:-
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologized, begged,
boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered,
ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
NARRATION

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.
For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.
!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often
use if.
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.