2 BOOKS

1. NOTEBOOKS
2. EXERCISES & EXPERIMENTS
CHAPTER 1 RESPIRATION
 LEARNING OUTCOMES:

 Identify the structure of the human respiratory system

 Identify the structure of the lung
 Describe the process of inhalation and exhalation
 Describe the breathing mechanism

Page  3
 1.1 HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM
Human Respiratory System
 Breathing is a process in which air is inhaled (taken in) and
exhaled (given out) by a living body.
 The system in our body that helps us to breathe is the
human respiratory system.

Page  4
Parts of Human Respiratory System :
 Structure of the Lungs

Page  6
 Pathway of Air Through Human Respiratory
System:

Inhalation
Tarikan Nafas

Nose, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus

Exhalation
Hembusan Nafas

Page  7
 THE PASSAGE
WHERE
MR. AIR TRAVEL
INTO YOUR Nasal Cavity
LUNG
Nostril
Pharynx
Mr.
Air
Trachea

Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus Lung

Rib
Diaphragm

Page  8
 Part of Respiratory Function
System
Nostril Air enters and leaves the nose through
nostrils.
Nasal Cavity Traps dust particles in the air
Trachea C-shaped cartilage rings keep the trachea
open to allow air to pass through
Bronchus Allows air pass from the trachea into the lung
Alveolus Place for gaseous exchange occurs
Ribs Protects the lungs
Intercostal muscle Moves the rib cage during breathing
Diaphragm Changes the volume of the thoracic cavity
during breathing

Page  9
 WHY ALVEOLUS IS EFFECTIVE FOR GASEOUS
EXCHANGE?

 An alveolus
(a) has large surface area
(b) has thin wall
(c) has moist inner wall
(d) is surrounded by a network of blood capillaries

Page  10
 Breathing Mechanism
involves…
(a) Inhalation (Tarikan nafas)
(b) Exhalation (Hembusan nafas)

Page  11
(a) Inhalation
1. Intercostal muscles contract.
2. Rib cage moves upwards and
outwards.
3. Diaphragm contracts, move
downwards and flattens.
4. Thoracic cavity increases in
volume and air pressure
inside decreases.
5. Air is drawn into the lungs.

Page  12
(b) Exhalation
1. Intercostal muscles relax.
2. Rib cage moves downwards and
inwards.
3. Diaphragm relaxes and curves
upwards.
4. Thoracic cavity decreases in
volume and the air pressure inside
increases.
5. Air from the lungs is forced out.

Page  13
 Experiment: Air pressure in thoracic cavity and
the process of inhalation and exhalation

(thoracic cavity)

(bronchus)

(lung)

(diaphragm)

Page  14
Observation:

Page  15
 Discussion:
Rubber Changes in Volume in
Air Pressure Process
sheet balloon Bell Jar

pull balloon
increase decrease inhalation
down expand

push balloon
decrease increase Exhalation
up contract

Page  16
 Learning outcomes:

 describe the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood capillaries,
 describe the transport of oxygen by blood,
 describe the diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries into the cells.

Page  17
 1.2 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN THE HUMAN BODY

 Diffusion (Resapan) of gas is the movement of gas from

the higher concentration region to the lower concentration
region.
 The transport of oxygen involves :
1. diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood
capillaries.
(a) Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration
oxygen) to the blood capillaries (lower concentration
oxygen).

Page  18
2. Transport of oxygen by blood
(a) Oxygen combines with the haemoglobin in the red
blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin to become oxygenated
blood.
(b) The oxygenated blood will be transported to the heart
to be pumped to all other parts of body.

Page  19
3. Diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries into body
cells
(a) When oxygenated blood reaches the body cells,
oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases its oxygen to
the body cells.
(b) Carbon dioxide diffuses from the body cells into the blood
capillaries and carried back to the alveoli to be expelled.

Page  20
 Gaseous Exchange in an Alveolus

Page  21
Gaseous exchange between the blood capillaries and
the body cells

O2 Red blood cell

CO2

O2

CO2 O
2

Body Cells Blood Capillary

Page  22
 Learning Outcomes:

 list the substances which are harmful to the respiratory system,

 explain the effects of pollutants on the respiratory system,
 list the diseases that affect the respiratory system,
 practise good habits to improve the quality of air.

Page  23
 1.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF A HEALTHY
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 Pollutants that are harmful to our respiratory system:

(a) cigarette smoke (tar, irritants, carcinogens, nicotine,
carbon monoxide)
(b) carbon monoxide - smoke vehicles
(c) sulphur dioxide – smoke from factory, power station
(d) haze - vehicles, open burning, forest fires

Page  24
 Some diseases of the respiratory system are
(a) asthma
(b) bronchitis
(c) emphysema
(d) lung cancer
 To improve air quality:
(a) stop smoking
(b) decreasing deforestation and plant more tree
(c) stop open burning
(d) use unleaded petrol

Page  25
Page  26
 SMOKING CAUSE
LUNG CANCER!!!

Page  27
 Normal Lungs Smoker’s Lungs

Page  28