Phenomenology

Research and
Journal Analysis
GROUP 7
Introduction of Qualitative
Research
Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to
describe experiences and situations from the perspective
of the person in the situation.
The researcher analyzes the words of the participant, finds
meaning in the words, and provides a description of the
experience that promotes deeper understanding of the
experience.

(Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015)

Phenomenological
Research
Phenomenology has its disciplinary roots in both
philosophy and psychology.
Phenomenology focuses on the meaning of lived
experiences of humans.

(Polit & Beck, 2012)

Phenomenology’s Outcome
The purpose of phenomenological research is to provide a
thorough description of a lived experience.
Some researchers will summarize their findings with a
written summary that combines the findings into a
thorough description or an exemplar of the experience.

(Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015)

Core of Phenomenology
Research
Phenomenological researchers ask: What is the essence of
this phenomenon as experienced by these people and
what does it mean?

(Polit & Beck, 2012)

Descriptive
Phenomenological
Insist on the careful description of ordinary conscious
experience of everyday life—a description of “things” as
people experience them. These “things” include hearing,
seeing, believing, feeling, remembering, deciding,
evaluating, and acting.

(Polit & Beck, 2012)

Interpretative
Phenomenology
Heidegger (1962) the critical question: “What is being?”
He stressed interpreting and understanding—not just
describing human experience.

(Polit & Beck, 2012)

Journal Analysis
Phenomenon Identification
Inamdar et al. (1979) found a number of important age differences.
Their adolescent subjects reported more suicidal acts and less terminal
insomnia than depressed adults
Hudgens (1974) and Carlson and Strober (1979) They reported that
their young patients described less terminal insomnia and diurnal
mood variation and more suicidal behavior
Friedman et al. (1983) compared symptomatology in depressed
adolescents and young adults. Endogenous and psychotic subtypes
were equally common in both groups,
Gittelman-Klein and Klein (1973) found depressive affect in 35% of
their young subjects with school phobia.
Phenomenon
“They found that a sizable cohort of young patients exists
with a major depressive disorder that is descriptively
similar to the adult syndrome”
(Carlson and Cantwell, 1980; Carlson and Strober, 1979;
Chambers et al., 1985; Cytryn et al., 1980; Friedman et al.
1983; Hudgens, 1974; Strober et al., 1981)
Research Question
This paper will present data on the symptom presentation
of both children and adolescents diagnosed as depressed.
Methodology
Inclusion and Exclusion Criterias
Subjects were recruited for the study if their symptom
presentation at intake included depressed mood, school
refusal, or suicidal behavior.
They were excluded from the study if there was a history of
mental retardation, substance dependence, or major
medical disorder (e.g. seizure disorder, thyroid disease,
liver disease, diabetes).
Methodology
Sample and Population
The study has 125 subjects, but based on the demographic
characteristics of depressed and non-depressed subjects
There were 95 subjects currently depressed or had
experienced a recent episode of major depression.
Those ninety-five subjects consist of 45 subjects are
children with the age 7 to12 years, and 50 subjects are
adolescents with the age 13 to 17 years
Methodology
Data Collection Method
The study used interviews as instrument for data collection method by
the first three authors (Jeff Mithcell, M.D., Elizabeth Mccauley, Ph.D.,
Patrick M. Burke, M.D., Ph.D.,).
125 subjects were evaluated by a semi-structured interview, the
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophernia-Children’s Version
(Kiddie-SADS or KSADS).
The parents (89 biological mothers and 36 biological) fathers of the
subjects were also assessed by direct interview using the Schedule for
Affective Disorders and Schizophernia-Lifetime Version or SADS-L.
At the end of interview, diagnoses are made by using Research
Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for Major Depression and DSM-III was used
for diagnoses of Dysthymic Disorder and non-depressive diagnoses.
Data Analysis Method
This study used comparative study approach, but also the
data presented in form of number.
In this study, the item measured with 6 scale-KSADS,
ranging from “1 (not present)” to “6 (pervasive or present
all the time)
Theoretical and Result
Analysis Method
The study analysis result presented in numbers and tables
that consist of several score.
Some of the data described in result chapter.
The data result found that children were to be very similar
to adolescents in the expression of depressive symptoms
and depressive symptomatology in both age groups .
 References
Grove, S. K., Gray, J. R., & Burns, N. (2015). Understanding Nursing
Research: Building an Evidence-Based Practice. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com/books?id=LjKPBAAAQBAJ&pgis=1
Mitchell, J., Mccauley, E., Burke, P. M., & Moss, S. J. (1983).
Phenomenology of Depression in Children and Adolescents,
27(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198801000-
00004
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing Research: Generating and
Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. (H. Surrena, Ed.) (9th
ed.). China: Lippincott William & Wilkins.
Ethnography
Subjek penelitian adalah kelompok yg hidup bersama dalam
satu tempat tinggal  sharing value atau sharing budaya
yang sama
Case Study
Fokus investigation  lebih spesifik dan item lebih spesifik
(How and why dia seperti itu)
Grounded Theory
Memperjelas teori yang telah ada  mencari tambahan penjelasan
lebih lanjut.
Disajikan dalam kerangka berpikir teoritis
Action Research
Beda dgn quasy experiment, partisipan yang
mengidentifikasi sendiri apa yang dirasakan. Ditawarkan
suatu metode yang peneliti inginkan. Peneliti hanya
memfasilitasi untuk mendapatkan kesepakatan bersama
atau solusi bersama.
AR bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan:
brainstorming, LOKMIN
Historical Research
Mengkaji sesuatu yang pernah terjadi di masa lalu untuk
meneliti fenomena yang terjadi saat ini
Misalnya RS yang akreditasi bagus  wawancara pasien,
perawat yang pernah bekerja, mahasiswa praktik

Key point: ada pelajaran yang bisa diambil