Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances

Across The Plasma Membrane

3.1 Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

Movement Across The Plasma

Membrane

Substances required by cell are nutrients and oxygen.

Metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide have to be eliminated from

cells.

Concentration of ion inside cell must be different than outside cell.

To maintain these concentrations, cells must allow required

substances from surrounding to enter and waste products to leave.

Movement of substances in and out of cells is regulated by plasma

membrane.

Plasma membrane also helps to maintain a constant cellular

environment (homeostasis).

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi

Membran Plasma

Bahan yang diperlukan oleh sel adalah nutrien dan oksigen.

Bahan buangan metabolik seperti karbon dioksida perlu disingkir

daripada sel.

Kepekatan di dalam sel mestilah berbeza daripada di luar sel.

Untuk mengekalkan kepekatan ini, sel perlu membenarkan bahan

yang diperlukan daripada persekitaran untuk memasuki sel dan
bahan buangan keluar daripada sel.
Pergerakan bahan masuk dan keluar daripada sel dikawal oleh
membran plasma.

Membran plasma turut membantu mengekalkan persekitaran

malar sel (homeostasis).

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

The Structure Of The Plasma Membrane

glycoprotein
pore

phospholipid
bilayer

carrier protein

pore protein non-polar

tails phospholipid
cholesterol
polar head

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Struktur Membran Plasma

glikoprotein
liang

dwilapisan
fosfolipid

protein pembawa

liang protein ekor bukan

polar fosfolipid
kolesterol
kepala polar

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

The Permeability Of The Plasma

Membrane

Plasma membrane is semi-permeable.

Factors that determine whether a molecule can pass through plasma

membrane are size and polarity of molecule.

Pore proteins allow small water-soluble molecules and ion to pass through.

Carrier proteins only allow larger uncharged polar molecules to pass

through.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Menghargai Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Ketelapan Membran Plasma

Membran plasma adalah separa telap.

Faktor yang menentukan sesuatu molekul dapat merentasi membran

plasma adalah saiz dan kekutuban molekul.

Liang protein hanya membenarkan molekul kecil yang larut air dan ion
untuk merentasi membran plasma.

Protein pembawa hanya membenarkan molekul besar berkutub yang tidak

mempunyai cas untuk merentasi membran.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

The Movement Of The Substances

• Lipid-soluble molecules: Fatty

Substances that acids and glycerol. • Hydrophobic tails
can pass through prevent polar
• Non-polar molecules : O2 and molecule from
CO2 passing through.

• Water (polar
molecule) can
• Large water-soluble pass through
Substances that plasma
molecules: glucose and amino
can’t pass through membrane since
acid.
its small in size.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Pergerakan Bahan

• Molekul lipid terlarut: asid

• Ekor hidrofobik
Bahan yang dapat lemak dan gliserol. menghalang
merentasi membran • Molekul bukan polar: O2 dan molekul berpolar
CO2 daripada
merentasi
membran.
• Air (molekul
berpolar) dapat
Bahan yang tidak
• Molekul besar larut air: merentasi
dapat merentasi membran kerana
glukosa dan asid amino.
membran saiznya yang
kecil.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

Passive Transport

• Movement of substances across plasma membrane

without using energy.

• Example : Gaseous exchange in alveolus and blood

capillary.

3 Types Of Passive
Transport

Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Pengangkutan Pasif

• Pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma tanpa

menggunakan tenaga.

• Contoh : Pertukaran gas di dalam alveolus dan kapilari

darah.

3 Jenis Pengangkutan
Pasif

Resapan ringkas Osmosis Resapan berbantu

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

Passive Transport

Simple Diffusion

Net movement of molecules or ion from region of higher

concentration to region of lower concentration until an
equilibrium is achieve.

Dynamic equilibrium is where concentration gradient no

longer exists.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Pengangkutan Pasif

Resapan Ringkas

Pergerakan bersih molekul atau ion daripada kawasan

berkepekatan tinggi ke kawasan berkepekatan rendah
sehingga keseimbangan dicapai.

Keseimbangan dinamik adalah apabila kecerunan

kepekatan tidak lagi wujud.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane
Passive Transport

Osmosis : The Diffusion Of Water

Water molecules:

Solute:

• Net movement of water molecules from low solute concentration region to high
solute concentration region through semi-permeable membrane.

• High water concentration = low concentration of solute in water.

• Semi-permeable membrane - permeable to water but not to solutes like

sucrose

• Essential because cells need adequate water to function well.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pengangkutan Pasif

Osmosis : Resapan Air

Molekul air:

Bahan larut:

• Pergerakan bersih molekul air daripada kawasan berkepekatan bahan laut

rendah ke kawasan berkepekatan bahan larut tinggi melalui membran separa
telap.

• Kepekatan air tinggi = kepekatan bahan larut rendah.

• Membran separa telap- Telap kepada air tetapi tidak kepada bahan larut
seperti sukrosa.

• Penting kerana sel memerlukan air yang cukup untuk berfungsi dengan baik.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

Passive Transport

Facilitated Diffusion

• Movement of substances across plasma membrane with aid of

carrier proteins and pore proteins following concentration gradient.

• Ions, nucleic acids, amino acids and glucose can pass through
plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Pengangkutan Pasif

Resapan berbantu

• Pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma dengan bantuan

protein pembawa dan liang protein mengikut kecerunan kepekatan.

• Ion, asid nukleik, asid amino dan glukosa dapat merentasi membran
plasma melalui resapan berbantu.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

Facilitated Diffusion - Carrier Protein

Outside of cell

Glucose

Inside of cell

Carrier protein binds Carrier protein is then After that, carrier

with glucose changes shape to protein assist passage
molecules. allow molecules to of another glucose
pass through. molecules.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Resapan berbantu– Protein Pembawa

Di luar sel

Glukosa

Di dalam sel

Protein pembawa Protein pembawa Selepas itu, protein

melekat kepada kemudiannya berubah pembawa membantu
molekul glukosa. bentuk untuk laluan molekul glukosa
membolehkan molekul yang lain.
merentasinya.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

Facilitated Diffusion - Pore Protein

Pore protein

Cell
membrane

• Pore proteins form pores or channels.

• Pores have specified interior characteristics that only have allow specified
ions to pass through.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Resapan Berbantu- Liang Protein

Liang protein

Membran sel

• Liang protein membentuk liang atau saluran.

• Liang mempunyai ciri dalaman khusus yang hanya membenarkan ion

tertentu melaluinya.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

Active Transport

Movement of molecules or ions against concentration

gradient across plasma membrane.

Require carrier protein and energy.

Energy comes from ATP generated during respiration in

mitochondria.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Pengangkutan Aktif

Pergerakan molekul atau ion menentang kecerunan

kepekatan merentasi membran plasma.

Memerlukan protein pembawa dan tenaga.

Tenaga didapati daripada ATP yang dihasilkan sewaktu

respirasi di dalam mitokondrion.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

The Mechanism Of Active Transport For

Sodium Ions

Carrier
protein Na+

Na+

Na+
Carrier protein has an Carrier protein Solute is moved
active site to bind with changes shape when across membrane.
molecule and another phosphate group from
active site to bind with ATP molecule bind to
ATP. it.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Mekanisme Pengangkutan Aktif Bagi Ion

Natrium

Protein
pembawa Na+

Na+

Na+
Protein pembawa Protein pembawa Bahan larut bergerak
mempunyai tapak aktif mengubah bentuknya merentasi membran.
untuk perlekatan apabila kumpulan
dengan molekul dan fosfat daripada
tapak aktif lain untuk molekul ATP melekat
perlekatan dengan kepadanya.
ATP.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

Active Transport For Sodium - Potassium Ion In Animal Cells

Carrier protein often Concentration of K+ Sodium-potassium

called pumps. inside cell is higher pumps help to
than concentration maintain concentration
outside cell while gradient by pumping
concentration of Na+ Na+ out of cell and K+
is vice versa. into cell.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Pengangkutan Aktif Ion Natrium-Kalium Dalam Sel Haiwan

Protein pembawa Kepekatan ion K+ di Pam natrium-kalium

selalu dipanggil pam. dalam sel adalah lebih membantu
tinggi berbanding mengekalkan
kepekatan di luar sel kecerunan kepekatan
sementara kepekatan dengan mengepam
ion Na+ adalah ion Na+ ke luar sel
sebaliknya. dan ion K+ ke dalam
sel.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

Comparison Between Passive Transport And Active Transport

Passive Transport Active Transport

Concentration Against concentration
Follow concentration gradient
gradient gradient

Does not expend energy Energy Need to expend energy

Take place in living cells or

Condition Take place in living cells
non-living cells

Active
Passive transport transport

Diffusion
Facilitated
diffusion

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Perbezaan Antara Pengangkutan Pasif dan Pengangkutan Aktif

Pengangkutan Pasif Pengangkutan Aktif

Mengikut kecerunan Kecerunan Melawan kecerunan
kepekatan kepekatan kepekatan

Tidak menggunakan tenaga Tenaga Perlu menggunakan tenaga

Berlaku dalam sel hidup dan

Keadaan Berlaku dalam sel hidup
sel bukan hidup

Pengangkutan Pengangkutan
pasif aktif

Resapan
Resapan
berbantu

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances
Across The Plasma Membrane

3.2 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane In

Everyday Life

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane In Everyday Life

Hypotonic, Hypertonic And Isotonic

Solution

• Hypotonic solution is when concentration of solution is lower than

cell.

• Hypertonic solution is solution with higher concentration of solutes

than cell.

• Isotonic solution is solution with equal solute concentration.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Dalam Kehidupan Harian

Larutan Hipotonik, Hipertonik dan

Isotonik

• Larutan hipotonik adalah apabila kepekatan larutan kurang

daripada sel.

• Larutan hipertonik ialah larutan dengan kepekatan yang lebih

tinggi berbanding sel.

• Larutan isotonik ialah larutan yang mempunyai kepekatan yang

sama dengan sel.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane In Everyday Life

The Effect Of Hypotonic Solution

On Plant Cell On Animal Cell

Water enters large centre Water enters cell and
vacuole by osmosis causes causes it to swell up and
it to expand, swell up and eventually to burst.
becomes turgid.
Rigid cell wall prevents cell Red blood cells will undergo
from bursting. haemolysis.

water
water molecules
molecules

vacuole fills
with water
and expands

water water
molecules molecules

When immersed in distilled water When immersed in distilled water

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Dalam Kehidupan Harian

Kesan Larutan Hipotonik

Ke atas sel tumbuhan Ke atas sel haiwan

Air memasuki bahagian Air memasuki sel
tengah vakuol besar secara menyebabkannya
osmosis menyebabkannya membengkak dan akhirnya
kembang, bengkak dan pecah.
menjadi segah.
Sel darah merah akan
Dinding sel yang tegar mengalami hemolisis.
menghalang sel daripada
pecah. molekul air
molekul air

Vakuol dipenuhi
dengan air dan
mengembang

molekul air molekul air

Apabila direndam dalam air suling Apabila direndam dalam air suling

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane In Everyday Life

The Effect Of Hypertonic Solution

On Plant Cell On Animal Cell

Cell undergoes plasmolysis. Red blood cell undergoes

crenation
Cells become flaccid, Blood cell shrivel and
causing the plant to wilt. plasma membrane crinkle
Vacuole up.
shrinks Cell wall

When immersed in 30% sucrose When immersed in 4% sodium

solution chloride solution

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Dalam Kehidupan Harian

Kesan Larutan Hipertonik

Ke atas Sel Tumbuhan Ke atas Sel Haiwan

Sel mengalami plasmolisis Sel darah merah mengalami

krenasi
Sel menjadi flasid,
menyebabkan tumbuhan Sel darah mengecut dan
menjadi layu. membran plasma berkedut
Dinding
Vakuol mengecut sel

Apabila direndam di dalam larutan Apabila direndam di dalam larutan

sukrosa 30% natrium klorida 4%

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane In Everyday Life

The Effect Of Isotonic Solution

On Plant Cell On Animal Cell

Water diffuses into and out Net movement of water is

of cell at equal rate. zero.

The cell retains its normal There is no change in the

shape. size of cell

Water
molecules move
at the same rate
in both
directions
When immersed in 5% sucrose When immersed in 0.85% sodium
solution chloride solution

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Dalam Kehidupan Harian

Kesan Larutan Isotonik

Ke atas Sel Tumbuhan Ke atas Sel Haiwan

Air masuk dan keluar Pergerakan bersih air

daripada sel pada kadar adalah sifar.
yang sama. Tiada perubahan pada saiz
Sel mengekalkan bentuk sel.
asalnya.

Molekul air
bergerak pada
kadar sama di
kedua-dua arah

Apabila direndam di dalam larutan Apabila direndam di dalam larutan

sukrosa 5% natrium klorida 0.85%

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane In Everyday Life

Excessive use of fertiliser causes plant to wilt.

Potassium nitrate cause soil to turn hypertonic to

plant cell when dissolved in soil water.
The Phenomenon
Of Wilting In
Plants Therefore, water diffuses from cell sap into the
soil by osmosis and plasmolysis occur.

Lack of water in soil also causes plant to wilt.

Soil water becomes more concentrated. Plant

loses water and cells become plasmolysed.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Dalam Kehidupan Harian

Penggunaan baja berlebihan menyebabkan

tumbuhan menjadi layu.

Kalium nitrat menyebabkan tanah menjadi

hipertonik terhadap sel tumbuhan bila dilarutkan
Fenomena Layu dalam air.
Pada
Tumbuhan Dengan itu, air akan meresap keluar daripada
sap sel ke tanah secara osmosis dan plasmolisis
berlaku.
Kekurangan air dalam tanah juga menyebabkan
tumbuhan layu.

Air tanah yang tinggal menjadi lebih pekat.

Tumbuhan akan kehilangan air dan sel
mengalami plasmolisis.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane In Everyday Life

The Preservation Of Food

• Preservatives cause solution outside the food more

hypertonic than the food.

• This causes water to move out of the food by osmosis.

• Cells in the food substances lose water

• These are not conducive to the growth of microorganisms

such as bacteria and fungi and will eventually die.

• Thus, food can last longer.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Dalam Kehidupan Harian

Pengawetan Makanan

• Pengawet menjadikan larutan yang berada di luar

makanan lebih hipertonik berbanding makanan itu
sendiri.

• Ini menyebabkan air meninggalkan makanan secara

osmosis.

• Sel dalam bahan makanan menjadi terhidrat.

• Keadaan ini tidak sesuai untuk pertumbuhan

mikroorganisma seperti bakteria serta kulat dan akhirnya
mati.

• Hasilnya, makanan tahan lebih lama.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances
Across The Plasma Membrane

3.3 Appreciating The Movement Of Substances Across The

Plasma Membrane

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Appreciating The Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane

Appreciating The Movement Of Substances Across

The Plasma Membrane

Plasma membrane function as a barrier between contents of

cell and external environment.

Crucial processes in the cells cannot be carried out if there is

any flaw in plasma membrane.

Proper functioning of plasma membrane is important:

- To remove toxic substance
- To obtain certain food supplies for energy and raw materials.

Good function of plasma membrane can be maintained by

taking care of our food and water intake.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Menghargai Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Menghargai Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma

Membran plasma berfungsi sebagai halangan antara

kandungan sel dan persekitaran luaran.

Proses penting di dalam sel tidak dapat dilakukan sekiranya

terdapat sebarang kecacatan pada membran plasma.

Membran plasma harus berfungsi dengan baik:

- Untuk membuang bahan bertoksik.
- Untuk mendapatkan bekalan bahan makanan untuk tenaga.

Fungsi membran plasma dapat dikekalkan dengan menjaga

pengambilan makanan dan air kita.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4