DATA

COMMUNICATION

Lecture-4
 Review of Lecture 3

Communication Tasks
Protocols
Protocol Architecture
Characteristics of a Protocol
 Overview of Lecture 4

Standards
Standard Organizations
Line Configuration
Categories of Line Configuration
 Standards

“A standard provides a model for

development that makes it
possible for a product to work
regardless of the individual
manufacturer”
Why Standards are Essential?
Standards are essential in:

– Creating/Maintaining Open and

Competitive Markets

– Guaranteeing National/International
Interoperability
Why Standards are Essential?
Categories of Standards

Standards

De jure De facto
(By Law) (By Fact)

Proprietary Non Proprietary

Standards Organizations

Standards are developed mainly

by 3 entities:

– Standard Committees
– Forums
– Regulatory Agencies
Standard Creation Committees

 The International Standards Organization

(ISO)

 The International Telecommunication Union-

Telecommunications Standard Sector
(ITU-T)
Standard Creation Committees

The American National Standard

Institute (ANSI)

The Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 FORUMS

Frame Relay Forum

ATM Forum
Internet Society
Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF)
 Regulatory Agencies

FCC
 LINE CONFIGURATION

“Line Configuration refers to the

way two or more devices
attach to a link”
LINE CONFIGURATION

Line Configuration

Point-to-Point Multipoint

Spatially Shared Time Shared

Point-to-Point Line
Configuration
Multipoint Line Configuration
 Summary

Standards
Standard Organizations
Line Configuration
Categories of Line Configuration
 Suggested Reading

 Section 1.5,2.1 “Data Communications

and Networking” 2nd Edition by Behrouz
A. Forouzan