SAQ

 Analyze 3 specific new inventions that contributed

to a higher death toll during WWI.
SAQ Practice

 A. Identify and explain ONE strength of Germany’s plan to

invade France through Belgium
 B. Identify and explain ONE weakness of Germany’s plan
to invade France through Belgium
 C Identify the explain the cause of the stalemate on the
Western Front
US Enters the War
 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 U-Boats

 Lusitania

 Sussex Pledge
 Zimmerman Telegram
 Mexico invade the US???
A ‘lil organization… graphically

Original Name Triple Entente Triple Alliance

Original Members France, GB, Russia* Germany, A-H, Italy
New Name “Allied Powers” “Central Powers”
New Members US (enters late), Ottoman Empire and
Italy (Enters late and Bulgaria
betrays central
powers), Japan, Central Powers is
Canada, Australia only made up of 4
etc countries.

Everyone else
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
OF 1917-1920
Essential Questions
 What are the primary causes of the Russian
Revolution?
 How does the political revolution change the course
of Russian history?
 How does Russia emerge from this political crisis?
The Fall of Imperial Russia

Causes
1. Russian armies suffered
from a lack of supplies
and equipment.
2. Russia’s political system,
with its weak Duma and
powerful Tsar, was not
conducive to total war
mobilization.
3. The tsar, Nicholas II,
distrusted the Duma and
resisted calls to share
power with his subjects.
The Fall of Imperial Russia

Causes (cont.)
4. In September 1915 the
tsar took direct command
of armies at the front,
leaving his wife,
Alexandra, and her
adviser Rasputin in real
control of the government.
5. In March 1917 troops in
St. Petersburg mutinied as
women rioted, demanding
bread. The Duma formed
a provisional government
and the Tsar abdicated.
 The Provisional Government
1. The Provisional
Government made Russia
the freest country in the
world on paper, with
equality before the law,
freedom of religion, the
right to strike, and so on.
2. The Provisional Government
shared power with the
Petrograd Soviet of
Workers’ and Soldiers’
Deputies.
3. Following the failure of
Russia’s summer 1917
offensive, the army began
to dissolve.
 Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
A. Lenin’s political ideas:
1. Only violent revolution could destroy
capitalism.
2. Socialist revolution was possible even
in a backward country such as Russia.
3. Human leadership rather than
historical laws made real revolutions.
(this is a difference from Marxist
theory)
4. Unlike many other socialists Lenin did
not rally round the flag in 1914.
B. In April 1917 Germans smuggled Lenin
out of exile in Switzerland and into Russia.
C. In the summer of 1917 Bolsheviks won
support in Petrograd and by October
gained a small majority in the Soviet.
Trotsky and the Seizure of Power
A. In early November militant Bolsheviks
under the leadership of Leon Trotsky
seized power from the Provisional
Government in the name of the
Petrograd Soviet.
B. Reasons for Bolshevik success:
1. By late 1917 Russia was in anarchy. Power
was available to anyone who would seize
it.
2. Bolshevik leadership was superior to that
of the Imperial or Provisional
Governments.
3. In 1917 the Bolsheviks succeeded in
appealing to many soldiers and urban
workers.
 Dictatorship and Civil War
A. The Bolsheviks immediately
legalized peasant seizures of land.
B. The Bolsheviks made peace with
Germany in March 1918. (Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk)

C. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks

dispersed by force the
democratically elected Constituent
Assembly, which was to write a
constitution for Russia.
D. The Bolshevik destruction of
democracy led to civil war in Russia
from 19181921.
 Reasons for Bolshevik Success
A.
Bolsheviks speaking at a meeting of workers and
soldiers in Petrograd in 1917
The Bolsheviks won the civil war for
several reasons.
1. They controlled the strategic center of
the country.
2. The Bolsheviks’ “White” opponents
were divided and lacked a single
clear political program.
3. Trotsky created a superior army to the
Whites.
4. The Bolsheviks mobilized the home
front, introducing forced labor, grain
requisitioning, and rationing.
5. The Bolsheviks used terror to maintain
discipline and subdue opposition.
6. Allied military intervention against the
Bolsheviks allowed the latter to
appeal to Russian patriotic sentiment
against foreign invasion.
 History has now confronted us with an immediate task which
is the most revolutionary of all the immediate tasks
confronting the proletariat of any country. The fulfilment of
this task, the destruction of the most powerful bulwark, not
only of European, but (it may now be said) of Asiatic
reaction, would make the Russian proletariat the vanguard
of the international revolutionary proletariat. And we have
the right to count upon acquiring this honourable title,
already earned by our predecessors, the revolutionaries of
the seventies, if we succeed in inspiring our movement, which
is a thousand times broader and deeper, with the same
devoted determination and vigour.
 V.I. Lenin, “Criticism in Russia” in What Is to Be Done?
 A. Identify and explain ONE difference between
the Mensheviks of the provisional government and
the Bolsheviks.
 B. Identify and explain ONE MORE difference
between the Mensheviks of the provisional
government and the Bolsheviks.
 C Explain how the Bolshevik slogan of “Peace,
Land, and Bread” was intended to win Russian’s
support.
Questions for your review
1. What was the single most “fatal decision” made by Tsar Nicholas before
the Russian Revolution?
2. Who was Rasputin? What was his influence w/i the Russian govt? What
was his final fate?
3. What was Lenin’s contribution to Marxist theory?
4. What was the Petrograd Soviet’s Army Order #1?
5. Who was Trotsky and what was his role?
6. What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
7. What was the Cheka? How was it used?
8. Who were the “White Russians”?
9. What effect did Allied intervention have upon the Russian Civil War?
End of WWI
 Both sides agree to stop fighting on
 November 11, 1918 at 11am

 Now the “Big Four” must determine the terms of

peace.
 Goals of Paris Peace Conference
Country Leader Post-War Goal(s)
France Georges 1. National Security
Clemenceau 2. Punish Germany
Great Britain David Lloyd George PUNISH GERMANY
USA Woodrow Wilson 1. World Peace, for
WWI to be “The
war to end all wars”
2. “14 points”
Italy Vittorio Orlando 1. Part of Austria
Wilson’s 14 points
 Click on the link at the bottom of Unit 7 page.
 Each of Wilson’s 14 points addresses either
A cause of the war
 A reason the US or other countries were drawn into the
war

 In partners, analyze each of the 14 points

identifying which cause they were trying to prevent.
Terms of Peace
 In groups, Identify:
 thedifferent terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
 Who was happy with the Treaty of Versailles and why

 Who was unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles and

why
Parts of T.o.V. that will come back
to Haunt the Allies…
 Germany had to…
 Pay War Reparations
 De-occupy the Rhineland

 Not have a standing Military

 Created Poland, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, Mandates

etc