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Project Title

DYNAMICALLY CHANGING SIGNAL LIGHT TIME


ALLOTMENT IN STREET JUNCTIONS BASED ON
TRAFFIC DENSITY

Under the Guidance of

Submitted by
ABSTARCT
The aim of the project is to solve traffic congestion, To solve the problem,
we have designed a framework for a dynamic and automatic traffic light
control system and developed a simulation model with codes to help
building the system on hardware.
It is possible to propose dynamic time-based coordination schemes where
the green signal time of the traffic lights is assigned based on the present
conditions of traffic. This is achieved by using 3 pair of IR sensors
(Transmitter and Receiver) across the road to monitor a particular length /
zone while vehicles on the same zone block the IR light falling on the IR
receiver to assume low traffic density.
As there are 3 zones only, it is immaterial if vehicles are parked side by
side. As it crosses the zone, the green time automatically changes as
programmed
PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM
HARDWARE COMPONENTS

POWER SUPPLY BLOCK


MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
IR LED
PHOTODIODE
BC547
LED
1N4007
RESISTORS
CAPACITORS
POWER SUPPLY
230 V AC Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator
50 Hz

5V
DC

Filter(470µf)
12V step down
transformer
MICROCONTROLLER

 It is a smaller computer
 Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...

CPU RAM ROM


A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM Microcontroller
Port
Port
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MICRO CONTROLLER-
AT89S52/51

External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter
ROM for
Interrup program On-chip Timer 1 Counter
t code RAM Inputs
Control Timer 0

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports Port
OSC Control

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD

Address/Data
FEATURES OF AT89S51/52
 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products

 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

 Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

 32 Programmable I/O Lines

 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

 Eight Interrupt Sources

 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

 Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

 Watchdog Timer

 Dual Data Pointer


PIN DESCRIPTION
IR LED
 An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special
purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of
760 nm wavelength.

 Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or


aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers,
are commonly used as sensors.

 The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the


human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not
possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is
working or not, unlike a common LED.

 To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can


be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being
emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.
PHOTO DIODE

A photodiode is a type of photo detector


capable of converting light into either current
or voltage, depending upon the mode of
operation.
Photodiodes are similar to regular
semiconductor diodes except that they may be
either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-
rays) or packaged with a window or optical
fibred connection to allow light to reach the
sensitive part of the device.
BC547
The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial
Silicon Transistor.
The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose
transistor in small plastic packages.
 It is used in general-purpose switching and
amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA
NPN general-purpose transistors.
Whenever base is high, then current starts
flowing through base and emitter and after that
only current will pass from collector to emitter
Working of Project
The project uses the IR interruption concept for generating logic states
to the input of the MC. To achieve the same a number of IR diodes are
used facings photodiodes.
While the IR light falls on the photodiode the resistance of the
photodiode falls increasing the bias voltage
Logic high sensed by the MC input changes the green ON time to a
higher value for allowing more vehicles to pass through. After sometime
in case any other way gets more logic high, the sequential timing gets
automatically increased for that way.
 Based on the IR interruption the green ON time increases, thus more
the vehicle longer will be the green signal time. Thus dynamic time
control is achieved based on the traffic density.
SOFT WARE REQUIREMENTS

 Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-


time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments,
evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3,
XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.

 Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to


object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the
underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.
 i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the
code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86
(underlying microprocessor in the computer).

 For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the


Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler
then compiler is a program that translates source code into object
code.

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