The Molecule That Supports All of Life

¾ dari bumi terisi oleh air

Tubuh manusia 70% terdiri dari air

75-85% berat basah sel  air

 Water is a Polar Molecule

- Bersifat polar karena sharing electron

lebih cenderung berada di sekitar
atom Oksigen dari pada Hidrogen (1).
- Ikatan hidrogen yang terbentuk
antara molekul air selalu form, break
Ikatan kovalen polar pada molekul air and re-form dalam frekuensi tinggi-
setiap 1/1 triliun detik terjadi- (2)
- Ikatan hidrogen merupakan ikatan
kimia lemah; sekitar 1/20 kali
kekuatan ikatan kovalen.
- Sifat anomali pada air terjadi akibat
antara molekul-
molekul polarnya.

Ikatan hidrogen yang terbentuk antara molekul air.

Water Molecules are Cohesive

Collectively, hold
the water molecules together, a
phenomenon called Cohesion.
Adhesion; the clinging of one substance
to another.

Related to cohesion is surface tension, a

measure of “how difficult it is to stretch
or break the surface of a liquid”. Water
has a greater surface tension than most
other liquids.

The proof of surface tension of water

Water Has a High Temperature-Stabilizing
Capacity

Why???
Because hydrogen bonding between adjacent molecules give water a high
specific heat - the amount of heat a substance must absorb per gram to
increase its temperature 1oC.
The specific heat of water is 1.0 cal/g/oC.
“This capability is an important consideration for the cell biologist, because cells
release large amounts of energy as heat during metabolic reactions. If not for the
extensive hydrogen bonding and the resulting high specific heat of water
molecules, this release of energy would pose a serious overheating problem for
cells, and life as we know it would not be possible.”

Water also has a high heat of vaporization, which is defined as the amount of energy required to
convert 1 gram of a liquid into vapor.
This property makes water an excellent coolant and explains why people perspire, why dogs pant,
and why plants lose water through transpiration. In each case, the heat required to evaporate
water is drawn from the organism, which is therefore cooled in the process.
Expansion upon freezing
Water is one of the few substances that are less dense as a solid than as a
liquid.
While other materials contract when they solidify, water expands. The cause
of this exotic behavior is, once again, .

The ability of ice to float because of the expansion of water as it solidifies is an important factor in the fitness
of the environment. If ice sank, then eventually all ponds, lakes, and even oceans would freeze solid, making
life as we know it impossible on Earth. During summer, only the upper few inches of the ocean would thaw.
Instead, when a deep body of water cools, the floating ice insulates the liquid water below, preventing it from
freezing and allowing life to exist under the frozen surface.
 The Solvent of Life

Water is polar solvent, general solvent but not a

universal solvent.
Polar solvent; dissolved ionic (charged) polar
molecules, e.g. salt (NaCl)
General solvent; some non-ionic polar molecule
also can dissolved in water, e.g. sugar, water-
soluble protein.
Hidrophilic and Hidrophobic Substances

Hidrophilic (“water-loving”); Any substance that has an affinity to form

hydrogen bonds (or ionic bonds) with water molecules.

Hidrophobic (“water-fearing”); There are substances that do not have an

affinity for water. Substances that are nonionic and nonpolar (or for some
other reason cannot form hydrogen bonds) actually seem to repel water.

In general, polar molecules and ions are hydrophilic, and nonpolar molecules
are hydrophobic.
Some biological macromolecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
region, called amphipathic, e.g. protein, phospholipid.
AMPHIPATHIC MOLECULES
Acidic and Basic conditions affect living organisms

Occasionally, a participating in a hydrogen bond between two

water molecules shifts from one molecule to the other.
When this happens, the hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind, and what
is actually transferred is a , a single proton with a charge of
1+
The water molecule that lost a proton is now a , which has
a charge of 1-
The proton binds to the other water molecule, making that molecule a
or as we know it’s represent by
……lanjutan acidic and basic…

In pure water, only one water molecule in every 554 million is dissociated. The
concentration of each ion in pure water is 10-7 M (at 25'C). This means there is only
1/10jt of a mole of hydrogen ions per liter of pure water and an equal number of
hydroxide ions. However, it is exceedingly important in the chemistry of life that H+
and OH- are very reactive.

An acid is a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

HCl  H+ + Cl-

Substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is called a base.
- Directly; by accepting hydrogen ions. – NH3 + H+ NH4+
- Indirectly; by dissociating to form hydroxide ions, which combine with hydrogen
ions and form water. – NaOH  Na + OH-
Difusi dan Osmosis
Buatkan paper tentang “Difusi dan Osmosis”