DATA

COMMUNICATION

Lecture-11
 Recap of Lecture 10

 The OSI Model

 Functions of OSI Layers
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 Overview of Lecture 11

 Signals
 Analog and Digital
 Analog and Digital Data & Signals
 Periodic & Aperiodic Signals
 Signals
 Generally, the information is not in a form
that can be transmitted over a Link

 The binary digits must be converted into a

form that Transmission Medium can accept

 The data stream of 1s and 0s must be

turned into Signals
 Analog
 ANALOG
– Refers to something that is Continuous

 CONTINUOUS
– A set of specific points of data and all
possible points between them
 Digital
 DIGITAL
– Refers to something that is Discrete

 DISCRETE
– A set of specific points of data with no
points in between
 Analog and Digital Data
 Analog Data
– Human Voice

 Digital Data
– Data stored in the memory of a
computer
Analog and Digital Signals
Periodic and Aperiodic
Signals
Signals
(Analog or Digital)

Periodic Aperiodic
 Periodic Signals

A signal is called Periodic if it

completes a pattern within a
measurable time frame called a
Period and then repeats that pattern
over identical subsequent Periods
Periodic Signal Example
 Aperiodic Signals

An Aperiodic or Non-Periodic signal is

the one that changes constantly
without exhibiting a pattern or cycle
that repeats over time
Aperiodic Signals
 Analog Signals
 Analog signals can be classified into:

– Simple Analog Signal (Sine wave)

– Composite Analog Signal

Simple Analog Signal
(Sine Wave)
 Simple Analog Signal
(Sine Wave)
 Sine waves can be fully described:

– Amplitude
– Period / Frequency
– Phase
Amplitude
Period and Frequency

T= 1 / f OR f=1 / T
Units of Period & Frequency

Seconds____Hertz
Milliseconds____Kilohertz
Microseconds____Megahertz
Nanoseconds____Gigahertz
Picoseconds____Terahertz
 Summary
Signals
Analog and Digital
Analog and Digital Data & Signals
Periodic & Aperiodic Signals
Sine Waves and its
Characteristics
 Suggested Reading

 Section 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 “Data

Communications and Networking” 2nd
Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan
 DATA
COMMUNICATION

Lecture-11