Chapter 1

2 Lecture

HUMAN ANATOMY
Fifth Edition

Chapter 2
The Cell
Frederic Martini
Michael Timmons
Robert Tallitsch
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
• Cell theory:
– Cells are the smallest structural units that
perform all vital functions.
The Study of Cells
• The study of cells is cytology:
– Light microscopy
– Transmission electron microscopy
– Scanning electron microscopy

Figure 2.1a,b,c Different Technique, Different Perspective

 Cellular Anatomy
Cells have four
types of
component:
1) Membranes
2) Organelles
3) Cytoplasm
4) inclusions

Figure 2.3 Anatomy of a Typical Cell

Cellular Anatomy

Figure 2.4 A Flow Chart for the Study of Cell Structure

Cell Structure
This movie reviews cell structure.

PLAY Cell Structure

The Cell Membrane

Figure 2.5 The Cell Membrane

The Cell Membrane
• Major functions of the cell membrane can
be described:
– Regulation of exchange with the
environment
– Receptors and ID
Membrane Permeability: Passive Processes
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated
Diffusion

Figure 2.6 Diffusion across the Cell Membrane

Membrane Permeability: Active Processes
• Active transport uses enzymes and carrier
proteins:
– Ions pumps are carrier proteins for charged
particles.
– Ions moved regularly by active transport
include Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+
– Ion pumps are specific.
– An ion pump that moves two ions
simultaneously in opposite directions is
called an exchange pump.
Membrane Permeability: Active Processes

Figure 2.7a Pinocytosis

Membrane Permeability: Active Processes

Figure 2.7b Phagocytosis

Membrane Permeability: Active Processes

Figure 2.8 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm is the general term for the
material inside the cell.
– It is a fluid very high in protein.
– The cytosol is the intracellular fluid:
• It is high in potassium ions.
• It contains an overall negative charge.
– Transmembrane potential
• It contains high concentrations of proteins.
– Organelles are structures within the cyto-
plasm that have a particular function and very
distinct structure.
Nonmembranous Organelles
• The cytoskeleton:
– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
• Microvilli

QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Nonmembranous Organelles

Figure 2.9 The Cytoskeleton

Nonmembranous Organelles
• Centrioles
• Cilia
• Flagella

Figure 2.10 Centrioles and Cilia

Nonmembranous Organelles
• Ribosomes:
– 60% RNA and 40% protein
– Free ribosomes:
• Float in the cytoplasm
– Fixed ribosomes:
• Are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Figure 2.11 Ribosomes

Membranous Organelles
• Mitochondria are double membraned
organelles.
– Cristae are the folds of the inner membrane
– Inner fluid is the matrix.

Figure 2.12 Mitochondria

Membranous Organelles
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
– Nucleoplasm
– Nuclear envelope
– Perinuclear space
– Nuclear pores
– Nuclear matrix
Membranous Organelles

Figure 2.13a The Nucleus

Membranous Organelles: Nucleus
• Chromosomes:
– DNA wrapped
around proteins
called histones.
– Nucleosomes
– Chromatin

Figure 2.14 Chromosome Structure

Membranous Organelles
• The ER has four major functions:
– Synthesis of all classes of macromolecules
– Storage of the manufactured molecules
– Transport of substances from on area of the
cell to another
– Enzymes in the lumen of the ER provide
detoxification
Membranous Organelles

Figure 2.15 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous Organelles
• The three main
functions of the
Golgi apparatus:
– Synthesis and
packaging of
secretions.
– Packaging of
enzymes for use
in the cytosol.
– Renewal and
modification of
the cell membrane.
Figure 2.16b The Golgi Apparatus
Membranous Organelles
• Lysosome function
in three manners:
1. Fuse with
phagosomes to
digest solid
materials.
2. Fuse with and
recycle damaged
organelles.
3. Sometimes rupture
a process resulting
in autolysis.
Figure 2.18 Lysosomal Functions
Intercellular Attachment

Figure 2.19 Cell Attachments

The Cell Life Cycle

Figure 2.20 The Cell Life Cycle

DNA Replication

Figure 2.21 DNA Replication

Interphase

Figure 2.22a
Prophase

Figure 2.22b,c
Metaphase and Anaphase

Figure 2.22d,e
Telophase and Cytokinesis

Figure 2.22f,g