Sekdilu Angkatan 39

Senin, 6 Juli 2015

Prof. Bantarto Bandoro ( Banto )
Indonesian Defense University
Mobile: 0818483461
Email: bandoro@cbn.net.id
;
bantartobandoro@gmail.com
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 The question for this course
Are international relations undergoing fundamental and
irreversible changes?
Is the international system shifting away from state-
centrism?
How do political ideas influence states’ behavior ?
Are non-state actors effectively challenging states?
How states managed their global relations ?
How theories of IR fit into the current context of
international relations ?

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 International Relations and Politics:
Exploration of Political Theory and Statement

Here we attempt to explore and identify political theory and

statements to the extent it conjures with the study of
international relations
Main references:
1. Andrew Hacker, Political Theory: Philosophy, Idology , Science
(1968)
2. Evan Luard, Basic Text in International Relations (1992)

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 Gene Sharp Einsteins
Martin Luther King Bertrand Russell
1. Martin Luther King, Jr. says: - leader in American-Africa civil
rights
“Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have
guided missiles and misguided men.”
2. Gene Sharp says: - political scientist
“The abolition of war requires the development of effective
nonviolent alternatives to military struggle”
3. Bertrand Russell says: -English philosopher and antiwar activist
“But war will only end after a great labour has been performed in
altering men’s moral ideals, directing them to the good of all
mankind and not only of the separate nations into which men
happen to have been born.”
4. Albert Einstein says: - Theoretical phisicist
“Peace is not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice,
of law, of order--in short, of government.” Einstein
APA KESIMPULAN ANDA SETELAH
MEMBACA KUTIPAN2 DI ATAS
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 Exploration of Political Theory and Statement

Political behavior Political ideas

Prolog
 The term political theory has two distinct meanings for students of politics.
First: it stands out for the history of political ideas (Plato, Socrates etc) and
their influence on political practice  its subject matter is historical texts and
the condition which surrounded the writing
Second: it stands out for a study of political behavior in the modern world 
the subject is the actual behavior of men and institutions . The so called
systematic theory describe and explain contemporary political phenomena

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 Exploration of Political
Theory and Statement

Power Rationality State

Political theory - an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a
group or nation
 To study politics is to study power.
To study philosophy is to study rationality
 Power and rationality may be conjoined.
 The agency for this conjunction is the state

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 Exploration of Political
Theory and Statement
A. On the nature of man
 Thinkers: philosophers, historians, strategic writers and politicians
1. Thomas Hobbes ( “Leviathan” ) Thomas Hobbes
-Insecurity of humans
-Constant fear of one another
-Seek for self-preservation
-War of all agaisnt all
-No sovereign power to maintain law and order
2. Jacques Rousseau J. Rosseau
-The natural tendency is for the man to flee and not to fight
- they entered society that they enggage in war: “man only become
a soldier after he has become a citizens
- it is not the nature of humans that causes war, but the nature of
society.

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 Exploration of Political
Theory and Statement
B. On Interests of States
1. Thucydides – “Peloponesian War”
-War is to promote interests of state
-Naked force prevails Thucydides
-The will of the powerful finally matters

2. Kautilya – “Arthasastra” Kautilya

-War is an essential and inevitable features of struggle.
-His advice is when to make war and against whom
-War must be against weaker rulers or against rulers weakened by internal
disorder
- War is seen as a game  rulers use every possible ingenuity to overcome
the opponents by any means

APA KESIMPULAN ANDA ?

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 Exploration of Political Theory and Statement
C. The State’s Right to Intervene

1. Edmun Burke Edmund Burke

-States had the right to take action to suppress the nuisance
-The states of Europe formed a kind of commonwealth and sharing similar
tradition and culture. No single states allowed to remain in exile of that
tradition innovation must be prevented because it amount to a threat.
- states had the right to intervene against revolutionary regime
- CONTOHNYA ?

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 Exploration of Political
Theory and Statement

c. The State’s Right to Intervene -> Cont’

2. John Stuart Mill (“ On Liberty”) J.Stuart Mill
-Defended the right of a state to intervene in affairs of
another to prevent tyrannical or alien government
-The legitimacy of a government and its rights to rule could
be challenged because of its non-presentative character 
because it was imposed rather than willingly accepted
Our conlusion:  ada 3 KONKLUSI
1. Burke and Mill were concerned with different kinds of
revolution: idelogical (Burke) and national (Mill). One
supported intervention to overcome revolution (Burke-
ideological), the other to support it (Mill- national)

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 Exploration of Political
Theory and Statement

The State’s Right to Intervene -> Cont’

Conclusion- cont’
2. What was at issue in their arguments was the balance between two
rights: (1) the right one state to settle its internal conflict free from
interference from outside on the basis of its “sovereignty”; and
3. the right of others to affect the outcome, whether to protect their
own security (as argued by Burke) or to protect fundamental human
rights (as argued by Mill).

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 Issues to be discussed
Class discussion – 10 MENIT SAJA
Discuss the folowing issues based on your undersanding of the statement by the
abovementioned thinkers, philosopher. State your theoretical solution to
thequestions below:

1. Is war inevitable ? APAKAH PERANG TIDAK BISA DIHINDARI ATAU BISA

DIHINDARI ?

2. Do you think states have the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of other
states ? MENURUT ANDA APAKAH NEGARA BERHAK MELAKUKAN
INTERVENSI DALAM URUSAN DALAM NEGERI NEGARA LAIN ?

3. Is there a relation between power and interest ? APAKAH ADA HUBUNGAN

ANTARA KEKUATAN DAN KEPETINGAN ?

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 Theories

•Realism: power struggles among states;

solusinya: balance of power

•Institutionalism: self-interested cooperation among states;

Solusinya : regimes based on shared interests

•Constructivism (idealism, identity perspective): differences

in identities;
solusinya : shared norms

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 Who, what, why, and how?

Realism Institutionalism Constructivism

What is the
organizing ANARCHY INTERDEPENDENCE NORMS / IDEAS
principle?
Who are the
STATES STATES STATES/IGOs/NGOs
main actors?
What are their Survival/power Economic gain and Solving global
main goals? (protect domestic cooperation problems (maximize
population) (maximize domestic everyone’s well-
well-being) being)
What are the TECHNOLOGIC AND
core MILITARY ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE
capabilities?

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LIBERALISM
It stems from the principle of human nature being
GOOD
Instead it is the inadequate social institutions and
misunderstanding of leaders that created INJUSTICE,
AGRESSION and WAR
Being inevitable these vices could be minimized through
multilateral action and institutional reform
And that is where democracy and market capitalism
become pillars of HUMAN FREEDOM

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The Roots of Liberalism
Hugo Grotius worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic.
He is one of the founding father of international law
(where the subjects are states) based on natural law.

Enlightenment: Humans are rational and they can continuously improve

their conditions by just societies
19th century L: Modernize via scientific and industrial revolutions to come to
a democratic society and free trade
20th century L: collective security, self-determination, no power politics and
prevention of war

This has shaped the LIBERAL thought dwelling on the belief that cooperation
is possible, peace could be achieved through interdependence, knowledge,
democratic values and international organizations do work.

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Functionalism
The fundamental principle of F is that states and individuals have
basic or functional needs
Fs see economic and social international cooperation as
prerequisites for peace and security, in this context the special
agencies of UN are explained (exp. WB, UNICEF, etc.)
Promotes a web of activities that would bring to more
interconnectedness and thus, interdependence
Key role of experts
F stands behind the drive of IGOs and not surprisingly most of
them sprung after WWII, both regional and global
F fails to explain why the wars remain? How to separate
technical and political issues?

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 REALISM
Individuals seek to maximize their power and pursue
their interests
R centers the action around the state which acts
through balance of power
International Organizations are tools to be used by
states for their own interest, so the tools cannot
transform the actors as R believes
R does not rule out the IR, but has doubt about the
NGOs and MNCs, much less the independence of IGOs

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Hegemonic Stability Theory
H is a hybrid of liberal, public goods and realist
theories
Hegemonic states use their power in certain ways
HS believes that open market is a public good that
needs a strong state to be the guardian
It is the propagator and hence the driver behind
the free trade and democratic values as tenets of
peece and security
Examples of Great Britain and the US after WWII

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MARXISM
Resulting from an uneven economic development
COLONIALISM NEOCOLONIALISM
Sought to maximize material Sought to maximize the
dependence
gain through power control of ex-colonies on the surplus of
domestic goods
GG is based on power, process of production and class relations
For Ms the IGOs are dominated by a group of powerful states
that drive the agenda and have higher gains, WB and IMF are
seen as vices that perpetuate this International System

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Dependency Theory
• Unequal trade between developed and developing
states

• IGOs and MNCs based in developed nations help

to perpetuate this inequality

• The inequalities of power and wealth should be

redistributed via new global order

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 Ciri-ciri strategic
environment

Environment Tidak statik,

tetapi sangat dinamis
Apa Ciri-ciri strategic
environment ?

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 Ciri-ciri strategic environment
olatility Memotret strategic ncertainty,
environment melalui
 Reaksi dan perubahan Lensa VUCA Lingkungan yang
yang cepat dan explosif dan probelamtik dan tidak stabil.
seringkali diwarnai oleh Muncul masalah baru.
kekerasan . Masalah lama muncul kembali
dengan cara yang berbeda

omplexity mbiguity

 lingkungan yang terdiri dari banyak  Ligkungan ditafsirkan dalam

bagian yang rumit dan saling terkait
sedemikian rupa , sehingga memahami
lingkungan itu secara keseluruhan atau
memisahkan komponen satu dari yang
lainnya menjadi sangat sulit dan sering tidak
mungkin.
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berbagai perspektif dengan
berbagai kesimpulan yang dapat
membawa pada solusi yang
berbeda. Solusi itu bisa
negatif/buruk, bisa juga
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 COBA ANALISIS
LIGKUNGAN STRATEGIS EXTERNAL
INDONESIA DAN PENGARUHNYA
TERHADAP PELAKSANAAN
KEBIJAKAN DOWN TO EARTH
DIPLOMACY INDONESIA
5 TAHUN MENDATANG
DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN
PENDEKATAN VUCA

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 HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL dan
GLOBALIZATION

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Views  globalization produce:
1. Security-enhancing effects or
2. Security-eroding effects
Globalization :
1. increases the level of economic interdependence,
View 1 2. raises the costs of conflict or war, and
3. therefore leads to more peaceful relations among
states.
Gobalization can generate :
View 2 1. Economic rivalry among states . . .
2. Over scarce natural resources, which again often
3. Threatens to spill over into military conflict.

View 3 Globalization produces both security-enhancing and

security-eroding effects
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 Globalization

1. Can reduce security 1. Generates and

concerns of states,
2. Promote deeper co-
operation, and therefore
3. Reduce the risk of armed
conflicts among states.
aggravates security
problems and
2. Heightens conflict

Memicu munculnya Membentuk persepsi

masalah keamanan nasional mengenai ancaman
baru
Perlunya respon pada level
national dan Regional

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In the abscence of strategy , there is
no clear definition for the future,
bumping over crisis and change

Strategy will get you somewhere

near where you intended to go

 Strategy adalah PENDAKATAN SISTEMATIK UNTUK

MENGATASI BERBAGAI PERUBAHAN DAN UNTUK
MEMASTIKAN APAKAH SESUATU ITU HARUS BERUBAH
ATAU TETAP
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 Top down to the execution of strategy. Begin what
question we must ask
1. What do we want to do  policy objectives =>
=> APA YANG INGIN KITA LAKUKAN
2. How do we planto do it  strategic execution
=>BAGA IMANA KITA HARUS MELAKUKAN ITU
3. What are we up against  threats, vulnerability, challenges
=> APA YANG AKAN KITA HADAPI
4. What is availabe to do it  economy, military, diplomacy =
=>SUMBER-SUMBER APA YANG TERSEDIA AGAR
KITA DAPAT MELAKUKAN HAL ITU
5. What are the missmatches  Risks, unforeseen outcomes
=> APA YANG TIDAK BISA DIPERKIRAKAN
6. Why do we want to do  strategic goals desire
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=> APA TUJUAN KITA MELAKUKAN HAL ITU 30
 NSP AND FOREIGN
Thus Strategy POLICY

An attempt to balance between:

1. Answering today’s realities (current
security environment ) and

2. Planning how to address tomorrow

posssibilities (future security
environment)

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 National Interests

• At highest levels, ends expressed as national

At highest levels interests – a nation’s wants, needs, concerns
– Survival and security
– Political and territorial integrity
– Economic stability and well being

• Interests signal a nation’s desires and intentions to

other nations

• Vital interests
Vital interests
– Nations unwilling to compromise and are
prepared to resort to WAR in support of
vital interests
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National Security • Protections of vital
economic, political and
security interest of state.

• If there is no protection of
these areas, it produces
losses of which could
threaten the fundamental
values and vitality of the
state

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Bagian2 dari sistem
saling mendukung.
Ketegangan/isu, jika
ada, masih bisa
dikelola. Masalah
keamanan masih bisa
diatasi, karena
berfungsinya institusi-
institusi secara normal
. Resiko, ancaman dsb
masih bisa diprediksi .
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Struktur politik, Sistem masih berfungsi ,
ekonomi , sosial dsb tetapi tidak mendukung
pelaksanaan
masih berfungsi secara kebijakan/aturan-aturan
efektif. Tetapi main. Akibatnya arah
ditemukan / dari sistem menjadi tidak
diidentifikasi tantangan jelas. Sistem tidak siap
terhadap efektifitas dari menghadapi kejutan
yang datangnya tiba-tiba
sistem. .
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 INDONESIA BEYOND 2015

APA PROYEKSI ANDA MENGENAI

KONDISI INTERNAL INDONESIA 15-20 TAHUN
MENDATANG ?
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 KASUS HUBUNGAN
INTERNASIONAL
LAINNYA

MARI KITA BAHAS HUBUNGAN ANTARA

1. SASARAN POLITIK ( POLITICAL OBJECTIVE )

2. STRATEGI NASIONAL (NATIONAL STATEGY) DAN

3. STRATEGI PENDUKUNG ( SUPPORTING STRATEGY)

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 Political Objectives -
Military Objectives –  ?
WHERE DOES
Economic objectives RUSSIA WANT
TO GO

RUSSIA : 
WHAT WILL RUSSIA
?
CONLFICT IN ACCOMPLISH
UKRAINE MILITARY


WHAT WILL
RUSSIAN ?
ACCOMPLISH
ECOMICALLY
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Political Objectives -
Military Objectives –  ?
WHERE DOES
Economic objectives INDONESIA
WANT TO GO

INDONESIA’S 
WHAT WILL ?
POROS INDONESIA
ACCOMPLISH
MARITIM MILITARY


WHAT WILL
INDONESIA ?
ACCOMPLISH
ECOMICALLY
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RUSSIA : INDONESIA’S
CONFLICT IN POROS
UKRAINE MARITIM

Pertanyaan :

1. How well the theories explain RUSSIA and

INDONESIA CASE

2. Detect the political idea (s) behind Russia’s and

Indonesia’s behavior

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 Semoga sukses
Menempuh pendidikan
di SEKDILU 39 -2015.
Amin YRA
Banto
0818483461
bandoro@cbn.net.id
bantartobandoro@gmail.com

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