2014/2015

nature
answer
 Important of nature Conservation
TO MANAGE AND UTILISE OF NATURAL RENEWABLE RESOURCES IN SUSTAINABLE MANNER TO ENSURE
THE MAINTENANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
 Define and give 2 example of endemism 3 Issue Facing Diversity Presently

Endenism is ecological state where certain species can be found in specific geographic • Habitat Reduction
location such as island, nation, country or time zone.
-Development of land, plantations, or farmland or process of
Example : Bicolored frog is endemic in western ghats of india and Chorus Cicada is endemic industrialization or urbanization will result in converting the
species in New Zealand. natural to a developed state and represent direct loss to a
biodiversity.
-As total Area of natural Habitat declines, so the number of
Explain level of biodiversity unique species of plant and animals reduced.
Genetic Diversity
• Habitat Fragmentation (Pemecahan)
• Is the building blocks that determine how an organism will develop and what traits and
ability will it be.
-Describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in
• These can be determined through alleles.
an organism's preferred environment (habitat),
• Genetic diversity can be measured at many different levels including population, species,
causing population fragmentationand ecosystem decay.
community and biome
-Reduction in the total area of the habitat
• It required facilities ,time and resources to identify.

Species Diversity • Over Harvesting

• Distinct units of diversity. -Exploited of marine fish.
• Each species have particular role in ecosystem and extinction of single species will affect
the whole system.

Ecosystem Diversity
• Species distribution and community pattern, the role and function of key species and
combine species functions and interactions.
• “Ecosystem” represent all levels greater than species.
Question 2 Kyoto Protocol Agreement

• It’s a pledge by industrialisation nations to cut their yearly emission of

• Define Soil Pollution carbon. Its involve all nations in 1922 mega meeting in United Nation
-Build up in soils of persistent toxic compounds, salts , radioactive materials Framework Convention on Climate Change
or desease causing agent which affect the plant and animals growth. (UNFCCC)
-Seepage from landfill , industrial waste. • Pledges to stabilize greenhouse-gas concentration that will disturb the
climate system.
• Climate change impact
-Surface and atmospheric changes
Precipitation , temperature change affect the atmospheric moisture,
precipitation and atmospheric circulation as the whole system is affected. Example Air Pollution and illustration of greenhouse gases.
-Affect the hydrological cycle ( Frequency, Intensity, duration, and type).
-Haze is the main air pollution in my hometown at Kuala Lumpur.
-Change in snow, ice and frozen ground Urban city had a lot of vehicles that produces black smoke and Carbon
Impact on water resources Dioxide , as well as Industrialization from factory that produces high
Accelerate rate of ice melting Hazardous Air Pollutants.
Affect habitat

-Oceanic Climate Change

Increase the pH of the oceans.
Disturb transport of heat and freshwater by ocean current.
Q3
1) Illustrate and explain how wetland can improve waste water
discharge quality in university hostel

• Act as contaminant removal involving and combined physical,

chemical, and biological process
• A process of Aerobic and anaerobic occur to clean the waste
water.
• Nitrogen removal
• Nitrification (aerobic process – end product is nitrate.)

2) Environmental Ethics and relate with natural environment in

Malaysia

3) Importance Involvement of local people in natural conservation

4) Describe the waste below could bring benefit to mankind and the
environmental

i) Landfills
ii) Bio-Ethanol Plants
iii) Urine Separating Toilet Pans
Q5 1) Distinguish (Bezakan) Between natural and man-made disaster
2) 3 ways how flood affect river system.
• Landscapes
• Habitat
• Alter river structure
Natural Man Made
3)5 way to avoid landslide(Movement of Rock, debris down the earth slope)
• Maintain vegetation as possible on the slope to help retain the soil
Disaster due to natural forces, Disaster due to carelessness of
• Directing surface water sources away from the landslides
• Draining ground water streams away from the landslides which man has hardly any control human or mishandling of
• Covering the land with impermeable membranes in order to prevent water infiltration in the dangerous equipment
landslide Example, Earthquakes, landslides Example, Train accidents,Plane
• increased slope stability, it is also useful to remove mass from the top of the slope, floods, cyclones, tsunami. Crashes, collapse building,
explosion of nuclear plant.
4) 4r principle disaster management
• Mitigation(Reduction)
Process of identification and analysis of potential hazard with view formulating and strategies
designed to reduce risk and minimize disaster effect.
-Buying flood and fire insurance for home mitigation activity.
-Mitigation activities take place before and after emergencies

• Preparedness/Readiness
Arrangement/Plans to deal with disaster and effect of disaster.
This phase government, organisation, individual develop plans to save live and minimize disaster
damage
Ex: Training exercise, installing early warning systems , emergency response plans. Recovery
1. Plans response and rescue operations. • Aims to coordinate and support disaster affected
2. Evacuations plans and stocking food & water both example of preparedness. communities through reconstruction of physical
3. Preparedness activities must take place before emergency occur. infrastructure and restoration of emotional, social,
economic and physical wellbeing.
• Response 1. Community recovery
Preservation of life and property. “ Action taken immediately after to ensure its effect are minimized 2. Psychological
and given immediate relief and support”. 3. Infastructure
1) Action taken to save lives and prevent further damage to the property. 4. Economic
2) Shelter 5. Environmental
3) Response activities,
Final Exam 2015/2016
(Nature)
Q1 (A) Link between build and Natural Environment for one
housing development
1. Occupy the same space-spatial issue
The Housing development is in space with the environment.
2. Exist at the same Time
3. Increasing built environment is due to increasing in human
population and modernaziation.
(B) How natural and built environment can achieve
sustainability according to Miller’s sustainability principle.
1. Nature Runs On renewable Energy
-In Malaysia, we have solar energy, biomass and hydropower
potential, All of these is renewable energy sources. Example,
Plants received solar radiation, necessary for photosynthesis,
and convert the abundance of energy to manufacture biomass
and release oxygen.
2. Nature recycle nutrient and waste ( little waste in nature ).
-Water is a content in resource saving.
-Increase in water demands means increase in human population
and development. This make people carelessly about the use of
water.
-Water supply is not only a prerequisite for human development
but economic development.
( C ) Discuss and suggest solution for each environmental issue.
1. Unlicensed food stall discharging effluent into the river
-Regulated (dikawal selia) through collection of waste
adequately to its sized bins. Location food stall should be
located and marked.
-Provision (Peruntukan) for dumping of waste at remote places,
for away from water bodies.
2. Poor solid waste management by small industry
-(Industrial, (food waste, packaging waste, construction and medical
waste).
Solution
-Sanitary landfill, inceneration, recycling or composting
Q 2 (A) One issue facing biodiversity in Malaysia
Extinction due to loss of natural habitats and hunting pressure of Orang
Utan ( Great Apes) in Sabah. Proximately 5000-10000 orang utan only
left in sabah and over 2000 left in Sarawak.
(B) Biodiversity has 3 important levels.
1. Genetic
Variation within and relationship between populations of spicies,
measured in terms of the variations of genes in the population. Differ
by alleles ( decide the colour of the eyes).
2. Species
Number of species of living organism on earth. Each species have
specific role in ecosystem. Loss of species will disturb the ecosystem.
3. Ecosystem
Refers to variety of habitats, biotic communities and ecological process
in terrestrial (daratan), marine and other aquatic environment in
particular area. Together with the process and interactions that take
place between these systems.
© state 7 values of biodiversity, give one example each
1. Direct value
Q3 (A) Discuss 2 sources of soil contamination and their effect
towards environment.
-Consumptive value : Firewood used to cutting down tree
1. Pollution of surface soils
-Productive Value : Fish buying from the market
-Urban activities generate a lot of waste including biodegradable and
2.In-Direct value
non-biodegradable materials.
-Moral, ecological,social
-Foul smell, dumping of waste at a open area place.
3. Social Value
-Block the movement of water – Damage the normal water and cause
-Cultural and religious sentiment, coral reef island
problem of inundation.
4. Ethical/moral value
-Sacred groove preserve by tribal people
2.Pollution of underground soil
5.Economical Value
-Chemicals released by industrial waste . Decomposed or partially
-Food supply, agricultural, Medicines
decomposed materials of sanitary waste. Ex. Cadmium, Chromium, lead,
6 .Aesthetic Value
arsenic are likely to deposited underground soil.
-trees, grass , flowers, birds, animal.
-The same also as sanitary waste that generate many harmful chemicals.
7. Ecological Value
-Waste of one organism become food for another organism (Forest absorb
(B)
greenhouse gases during photosynthesis.
1. Effluent from Greywater
-generated in household or office building sources
(D) Discuss and provide example of the effect interaction between spicies in
without fecal contamination(Grey water). Grey water can be reuse or
biodiversity
water reclamation method, where the grey water can be collected in a
tank and filtered , reused back as toilet flush water.
1. Mutualism.
-Relationship between organism which is both get the benefit. The relationship of
2. Yellow Water.
both organism to some extent where neither of the organism is being harmed.
Ex. Bee and the flower. Bee will absorb the nectar from the flower. When the bee
3. Storm water.
land on the flower pollen, the pollen will stick to its body and it will pollinating
other flower.
2. Paratism
-Consumes nutrient from another organism, its host resulting decrease fitness of
the host.
Ex. Mosquito and human, mosquito is parasite, feeding on human while
transferring disease such as malaria or dengue.
3. Commensalism
-Relationship between two organism (species) , which one species obtain food of
another species without farming it .
Ex. Remora fish and shark
Q5 (A) Define natural disaster discuss briefly impact to environment.
Natural disaster- Sudden, accidental event of great magnitude that cause
damage to property and lost of life.
Disaster due to natural forces which man can hardly control Ex. Earthquake,
landslide, flood , cyclones and tsunami
Illustrate understanding of 4R principle disaster management
4r principle disaster management
• Mitigation(Reduction)
Process of identification and analysis of potential hazard with view formulating
and strategies designed to reduce risk and minimize disaster effect.
-Buying flood and fire insurance for home mitigation activity.
-Mitigation activities take place before and after emergencies
• Preparedness/Readiness
Arrangement/Plans to deal with disaster and effect of disaster.
This phase government, organisation, individual develop plans to save live and
minimize disaster damage
Ex: Training exercise, installing early warning systems , emergency response
plans.
1. Plans response and rescue operations.
2. Evacuations plans and stocking food & water both example of preparedness.
C)Six action need to be addressed for flood
disaster
1. Levees, Floodwalls, Seawalls, and Other
Appurtenant Structures
These structures are designed to prevent
floodwaters and storm surges from reaching areas
that are at risk. Consequences of failure can be
catastrophic because those behind the structure
can be subject to rapid inundation and flooding
conditions more severe than if the floodwaters
had risen gradually.
2. Floodways, Spillways, and Channels
loodways, spillways, and channels are constructed to
carry floodwaters around a community or region where
the capacity of a river to pass a large volume of
floodwaters past a critical location is limited.
Structural Mitigation Through Improved Levee
3.

3. Preparedness activities must take place before emergency occur. Design or Modification

• Response 4.Controlled Overtopping and Breaching of

Preservation of life and property. “ Action taken immediately after to ensure its Levees
effect are minimized and given immediate relief and support”.
1) Action taken to save lives and prevent further damage to the property. 5. Levee (embankment built to prevent overflow
2) Shelter of river )Armoring
3) Response activities,
6. Seepage Berms and Cutoff Walls