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Laws of Thermodynamics
#1 – Energy can be transferred
and transformed, but not created
or destroyed. (Conservation of
energy)
#2 – Every energy transfer
/transformation increases the
entropy (disorder) of the
universe.
Coupled Reactions
Living organisms appear to “cheat”
the thermodynamic laws because
they develop “order”, however, they
are essentially “open systems” and
receive and release energy by
coupling reactions of metabolism.
Metabolism
All the chemical processes in the
body can be categorized as
either anabolic (energy-requiring
in order to build up) or catabolic
(energy-releasing for
breakdown).
They work in concert with each
other to meet the needs of the
organism.
Respiration
Consists of 3 phases
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation aka
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
6 Carbon glycolysis
dioxide 2 Kreb’s
Electron Transport Chain
aka Electron Transport System
Occurs in the cristae of
mitochondrion.
Electrons from NADH & FADH2
are passed (like a hot potato)
through a chain of cytochrome
molecules.
This regenerates NAD+ and FAD
so that they can be reused in
glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle.
ETC or ETS
•Electrons carried by
NADH are transferred to
the first molecule in the
electron transport chain,
flavoprotein.
•The electrons carried by
FADH2 have lower free
energy and are added to
a later point in the chain.
Oxidative Phosphorylation